Table 1.
MS-based metabolomics studies reported in different mosquito species in recent yearsa
| Mosquito species | Metabolites analyzed | Treatment | Sample type/processing/derivatization | Instrumentation/measurement type | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anopheles gambiae G3 strain | AAs + Ders, OAs, sugars + Ders, neurotransmitters, nucleotides, glycerols, glycerates, cholesterol, other metabolites | RNAi; Pre-and PBM | Whole body/ice-cold methanol quench, extraction/MSFTA derivatization | GC-MS for targeted and nontargeted metabolomics | [33] |
| An. coluzzii Ngousso (TEP1*S1) strain | AAs + Ders, FFAs, PLs, SLs, GLs, dipeptides, trehalose, other metabolites | RNAi; Blood meals (+/−) P. falciparum | Whole body/LN2 quench, homogenization, two-step LLE extraction/MSFTA derivatization | GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [34] |
| Aedes aegypti NIH-Rockefeller strain | AAs + Ders, OAs, sugars + Ders, glycerols, glycerates, nucleic acids, vitamins, other metabolites | Specific larval conditions to produce small and large mosquitoes; Pre- and PBM | Fat body/ice-cold PBS and frozen (−80°C), homogenization, two-stage OSE, IS/MSFTA derivatization | GC-MS for nontargeted metabolomics | [35] |
| Ae. aegypti NIH-Rockefeller strain | Sugars + Ders, OAs | Pre- and PBM | Whole body/PBS wash, LN2 quench, homogenization, two-step OSE/MSFTA derivatization | GC-MS for targeted metabolomics | [36] |
| Ae. aegypti NIH-Rockefeller strain | AAs + Ders, OAs | Blood meal (+/−) Glc or [1,2-13C2]-Glc | Whole body/LN2 quench, homogenization, OSE | SRM LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS for targeted 13 C-isotope tracing metabolomics | [37] |
| Ae. aegypti NIH-Rockefeller strain | AAs, OAs, sugars + Ders | RNAi; Blood meal + [1,2-13C2]-Glc | Whole body, excreta/LN2 quench, homogenization, OSE | LC-HRMS and IC-HRMS for targeted 13C-isotope tracing metabolomics | [38] |
| Anopheles stephensi | AAs + Ders, sugars + Ders, OAs, FFAs, nucleotides + Ders, other metabolites | Blood meals (+/−) ILP3 or (+/−) ILP4 plus SMIs | Midgut/PBS wash, lysis buffer, homogenization, OSE/MSFTA derivatization | GC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [40] |
| An. stephensi | AAs + Ders, sugars + Ders, OAs, FFAs, nucleotides + Ders, other metabolites | Blood meals (+/−) specific JNK SMIs. | Midgut/ice-cold buffer + PIC, homogenization, two-step OSE, IS/MSFTA derivatization | GC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [41] |
| Aedes albopictus colony established from larvae collected in Manassas, VA, USA | AAs + Ders, OAs, carnitine, AcCas, nucleic acids, nucleosides, lipids (GLs, FFAs, SLs, CLs, PLs) other metabolites | Specific conditions to produce eggs in early diapause and nondiapause eggs | Eggs/LN2 quench, homogenization, IS, two distinct OSE | LC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [45] |
| Anopheles coluzzii colony established from mosquitoes collected in Burkina Faso | AAs + Ders, OAs and inorganic acids, sugars + Ders, glycerols, glycerates, other metabolites | Specific chambers to mimic dry and rainy seasons | Whole body/LN2 quench, lyophilization, homogenization, OSE, IS/MSFTA derivatization | GC-MS for targeted metabolomics | [47] |
| Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain | AAs + Ders, sugars, polyols | Larvae grown in medium (+/−) ibuprofen | Larvae, whole body, eggs/LN2 quench, lyophilization, OSE/BSTFA derivatization | GC-MS for targeted metabolomics | [50] |
| Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) strain from Nuevo Leon, Mexico | AAs + Ders, carnitine, AcCas | Larvae grown in medium with (+/−) chlorpyrifos, (+/−) temephos, or (+/−) permethrin | Larvae/frozen at −80°C, homogenization, sterile-filtration, drying on filter paper, IS, OSE | SRM LC-MS/MS targeted metabolomics using the NeoBase LC-MS/MS kit | [51] |
| Cx. pipiens strain from Berlin, Germany | AAs + Ders, AcCas, lipids (PL, SL), sugars | Larvae grown in medium with (+/−) clothianidin | Larvae/frozen at −80°C, homogenized, IS, OSE | SRM FIA-MS/MS using an Absolute IDQ p180 kit for targeted metabolomics | [52] |
| Ae. aegypti Chetumal strain | AAs + Ders, FFAs + Ders, AcCas, sterols, lipids (PLs, GLs, SLs), other metabolites | Blood meals (+/−) dengue virus | Midgut/ice-cold PBS, homogenization, frozen on dry ice and −80°C storage, IS, OSE/immiscible phases were processed separately | LC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [53] |
| Ae. aegypti colony established from Singapore Aag2 cells | AAs + Ders, OAs, sugars, nucleotides + Ders, lipids (FFAs, GLs, PLs), other metabolites | Blood meals (+/−) dengue virus Aag2 cells (+/−) dengue virus | Whole body, midgut, Aag2 cells/saline washed (cells), quench with ice-cold organic solvent, homogenization, three-step OSE | LC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [54] |
| Ae. aegypti colony established from Singapore Aag2 cells | Neurotransmitters, lipids (PLs, SLs), other metabolites | Blood meals, Aag2 cells (+/−) dengue virus (+/−) choline, 13 C2- choline, ethanolamine, or 13C2-ethanolamine | Whole body, midgut, Aag2 cells/saline washed (cells), quench with ice-cold organic solvent, homogenization, OSE x2 | LC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics and 13 C-isotope tracing | [55] |
| Ae. albopictus colony established from Suffolk County, NY | AAs + Ders, OAs, sugars + Ders, nucleotides, glycerols, glycerates, nucleosides + Ders, vitamins, sterols, lipids (GLs, FFAs, PLs, prostaglandins) | Blood meal (+/−) Zika virus | Whole body/LN2 quench, homogenization, ice-cold OSE /immiscible phases were processed separately/MSFTA derivatization | GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [56] |
| Ae. albopictus Aa23 cells | Lipids (SLs, GLs, PLs) | Noninfected Aa23 cells (Aa23-T) or infected with W. pipientis strains (Aa23. wMel, and Aa23.wMelPop) | Cells/quench with −40°C organic solvent, scraped with organic solvent/immiscible phases were processed separately | LC-FT-ICRMS and DI-FT-ICRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [58] |
| Ae. aegypti colony established from Cairns, Australia | Lipids (GLs, SLs, CLs) | Wolbachia-free (WT), wMel-infected mosquitoes were microinjected with sterile medium (mono infection) or DENV3 (dual infection) | Whole body/quench, extract with ice-cold methanol, homogenization, IS | LC-HRMS for nontargeted metabolomics | [59] |
| Ae. aegypti Aag2 cells | AcCas, carnitine, sterols, Lipids (GLs, SLs, PLs) | Aag2 cells mono-infected with (+/−) Wolbachia (wMet strain), dengue, or Zika virus Aag2 cells dual-infected with wMet and either dengue or Zika virus | Cells/PBS wash, LN2 quench, IS, OSE x 2 | SRM LC-MS/MS for targeted metabolomics | [60] |
a
Abbreviations: BSTFA, N,O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide; CL, cardiolipin; Ders, derivatives; DENV3, dengue virus serotype 3; DI-FT-ICRMS, direct infusion-Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry; FFA, free fatty acid; FIA-MS/MS, flow-injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry; GL, glycerolipid; ILP3, insulin-like peptide 3; ILP4, insulin-like peptide 4; IC-HRMS, ion chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry; IS, internal standard; LC-FT-ICRMS, liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry; LLE, liquid–liquid extraction; LN2, liquid nitrogen; MSTFA, N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide; OSE, organic solvent extraction; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PIC, protease inhibitor cocktail; SIM, single-ion monitoring; SL, sphingolipid.