Table 1.

Participant characteristics at study intake.

Percentage
Characteristic	Control (n=20)	Incentive (n=21)
Male	70	76
Race
Black	80	48
White	15	5
Other	5	48
Married	15	14
No stable living arrangement, past 3 years	0	14
High school diploma or GED	70	71
Living in povertya	85	86
Ever incarcerated	80	71
Usually unemployed, past 3 years	65	57
DSM-5 severe opioid use disorder	100	10b
Injection drug use, past 30 days	30	38
Prior treatment: Buprenorphine	60	67
Prior treatment: Methadone	60	38
Prior treatment: Detox	40	67
Prior treatment: None	10	5
Self-reported street buprenorphine use	25	29
Drug positive urine sample
Opiates	85	90
Fentanyl	95	86
Cocaine	70	62
Buprenorphine	15	10
Methadone	15	10

^aPoverty status was calculated using income and age data from the Addiction Severity Index-Lite and 2020 Poverty Thresholds from the US Census Bureau for one person with no related children.