Table 2.
Range and mode values of MIC-0, MIC-1, MIC-2, MFC, MBC and MIC:MFC or MBC:MIC of the aqueous extract of A. australe (TAE), silver nitrate (AgNO3), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), itraconazole (ITZ), penicillin (PEN) and gentamicin (GEN) against the microorganisms tested. All MIC, MFC and MBC data were expressed as μg lyophilized extract/mL for TAE and μg silver/mL for AgNO3 and AgNPs.
| Species (N) | Compound | MIC-2 | MIC-1 | MIC-0 | MFC | MBC | MFC:MIC | MBC:MIC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | Mode | Range | Mode | Range | Mode | Range | Mode | Range | Mode | ||
| M. canis (33) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 2–32 | 8 | 4–64 | 16 | 16–512 | 128 | 32–1024 | 512 | 2–8 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 1–8 | 1 | 1–16 | 2 | 2–32 | 4 | 4–32 | 16 | 1–4 | 2 | |
| ITZ | ND | ND | < 0.015–0.125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| M. gypseum (19) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 32–128 | 64 | 32–128 | 64 | 128–1024 | 512 | 512–1024 | 1024 | 2–8 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 4–8 | 4 | 4–16 | 8 | 8–32 | 16 | 16–32 | 16 | 1–2 | 1 | |
| ITZ | ND | ND | < 0.015–0.25 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| E. floccosum (4) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 2–4 | 4 | 2–4 | 4 | 4–8 | 8 | 8–16 | 16 | 1–2 | 2 | |
| AgNPs | 1–4 | 1 | 1–4 | 2 | 2–4 | 4 | 4–8 | 8 | 1–2 | 2 | |
| ITZ | ND | ND | < 0.015–0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| T. rubrum (31) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 4–32 | 16 | 4–64 | 16 | 16–128 | 32 | 32–512 | 64 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 0.25–4 | 2 | 0.5–4 | 2 | 0.5–4 | 4 | 1–16 | 16 | 1–4 | 4 | |
| ITZ | ND | ND | < 0.015–0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| T. mentagrophytes (22) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 8–32 | 16 | 8–32 | 32 | 8–128 | 32 | 32–256 | 64 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 4–8 | 8 | 4–16 | 8 | 8–6 | 16 | 16–32 | 16 | 1–2 | 2 | |
| ITZ | ND | ND | < 0.015–1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| T. tonsurans (6) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 4–16 | 8 | 4–32 | 8 | 8–32 | 16 | 16–64 | 32 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| AgNPs | 0.25–2 | 2 | 0.5–4 | 2 | 1–4 | 4 | 4–8 | 4 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| ITZ | ND | ND | < 0.015–0.125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| M. furfur (40) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 1–8 | 4 | 1–8 | 4 | 2–8 | 8 | 4–32 | 16 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| AgNPs | 0.06–4 | 0.125 | 0.125–4 | 0.125 | 0.125–4 | 0.25 | 0.25–8 | 0.5 | 1–4 | 2 | |
| ITZ | 0.03–0.125 | 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| M. furfur CBS 7019 | ITZ | ND | 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| M. sympodialis (25) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 0.25–4 | 2 | 0.5–4 | 2 | 1–4 | 4 | 2–16 | 8 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| AgNPs | 0.015–2 | 0.125 | 0.03–2 | 0.125 | 0.03–4 | 0.25 | 0.06–4 | 0.25 | 1–4 | 2 | |
| ITZ | 0.015–0.06 | 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| M. sympodialis CBS 7222 | ITZ | ND | 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| M. globosa (9) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 0.25–1 | 0.5 | 0.25–2 | 0.5 | 0.5–4 | 2 | 1–16 | 8 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| AgNPs | 0.06–0.25 | 0.06 | 0.06–0.25 | 0.125 | 0.125–0.5 | 0.125 | 0.125–1 | 0.125 | 1–4 | 2 | |
| ITZ | 0.015–0.06 | 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| M. globosa CBS 7986 | ITZ | ND | 0.015 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| M. restricta (1) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | ND | 0.5 | ND | 1 | ND | 2 | ND | 4 | ND | 2 | |
| AgNPs | ND | 0.25 | ND | 0.5 | ND | 1 | ND | 1 | ND | 1 | |
| ITZ | ND | 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| C. albicans (24) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 1–16 | 8 | 1–32 | 16 | 2–32 | 32 | 4–128 | 64 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 0.25–8 | 0.5 | 0.25–16 | 2 | 0.5–16 | 4 | 2–32 | 8 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| ITZ | < 0.015–0.125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| C. albicans ATCC 90028 | ITZ | ND | 0.125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| C. krusei (21) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 1–16 | 8 | 1–32 | 16 | 2–32 | 32 | 4–128 | 64 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 0.25–4 | 0.5 | 0.25–8 | 1 | 0.5–16 | 4 | 2–32 | 8 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| ITZ | < 0.015–0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| ATCC 6258 | ITZ | ND | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| C. tropicalis (16) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 1–8 | 8 | 1–16 | 8 | 2–32 | 16 | 4–64 | 32 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 0.25–4 | 0.5 | 0.5–8 | 1 | 1–16 | 4 | 2–32 | 8 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| ITZ | < 0.015–0.125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| C. tropicalis ATCC 750 | ITZ | ND | 0.125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| C. parapsilosis (11) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 1–128 | 16 | 2–128 | 32 | 2–128 | 32 | 4–256 | 64 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| AgNPs | 0.5–4 | 2 | 1–8 | 4 | 1–16 | 8 | 2–32 | 16 | 2–4 | 2 | |
| ITZ | < 0.015–0.125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| C. glabrata (6) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 1–16 | 4 | 1–32 | 16 | 2–32 | 16 | 4–128 | 64 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| AgNPs | 0.25–4 | 1 | 0.5–8 | 2 | 1–8 | 4 | 2–32 | 16 | 2–4 | 4 | |
| ITZ | 0.015–0.5 | 0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| C. glabrata ATCC 2001 | ITZ | ND | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| S. aureus (14) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 8–64 | 32 | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| AgNPs | 0.5–4 | 1 | 1–8 | 4 | 2–16 | 8 | 8–64 | 32 | 4–8 | 4 | |
| GEN | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.25–4 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 | GEN | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.25 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| P. aeruginosa (8) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 4–64 | 16 | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| AgNPs | 0.5–2 | 1 | 1–4 | 2 | 1–4 | 2 | 4–32 | 8 | 4–8 | 4 | |
| GEN | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.125–2 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| S. pyogenes (8) | TAE | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| AgNO3 | 8–32 | 16 | > 1024 | ND | > 1024 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| AgNPs | 0.015–0.5 | 0.125 | 0.015–0.5 | 0.125 | 0.015–1 | 0.25 | 0.06–2 | 0.5 | 1–4 | 2 | |
| PEN | ND | ND | ND | ND | < 0.015–0.03 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
ND: Not determined.
MIC-2: the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting ≥ 50% of microbial growth compared to the growth control.
MIC-1: the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting ≥ 80% of microbial growth compared to the growth control.
MIC-0: the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting 100% of microbial growth.
Compounds with MIC values > 1024 μg/mL were considered inactive.
A compound was considered bactericidal or fungicidal if the ratio (MFC:MIC or MBC:MIC) was ≤ 4, and bacteriostatic or fungistatic if the ratio was > 4.