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. 2021 Jul 2;12:621990. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621990

Table 11.

Regression models by higher education level (J1, J2, J3) for Literacy and Numeracy scores by: gender, age, IQ, Big Fives, and field of study—coefficients, sig. (*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01, ****p < 0.001), N, and R-squared.

Freshmen Undergraduates Bachelor graduates
(J1) (J2) (J3)
Literacy Numeracy Literacy Numeracy Literacy Numeracy
Gender Female / Male -5.487 −24.572*** 10.029 −5.583 0.618 −32.404**
Age 0.657 −2.108**** 1.019 −0.406 0.923 −0.168
IQ 1.501** 1.810*** 0.330 1.072* 1.172 7.925***
Extraversion 6.003 3.445 −5.819 −0.401 −0.323 −11.963
Agreeableness 8.558 −8.523 −0.992 6.367 8.091 8.739
Conscientiousness −0.481 3.204 −14.695* −15.333** 11.134
Neuroticism 10.404 1.766 −4.348 −6.331 −10.379* 8.735
Openness 12.945* −7.660 0.157 −7.169 19.239 −0.978
Field of study Health science/
Art and Humanities
−0.227 33.614** −14.185 2.070 14.694 19.482
Scientific science/
Art and Humanities
10.027 30.575*** −5.790 12.444 31.988* 26.464
Social science/
Art and Humanities
13.289 −8.607 −19.063 −14.210 14.111 14.508
Constant −142.001 56.669 35.695*** 167.754 −74.541 −837.313***
N 70 70 72 72 36 36
R-squared 0.1658 0.5641 0.1353 0.3191 0.2943 0.5868