Table 8.
Descriptive statistics and Skewness/Kurtosis normality test (adjusted chi-squared χ2 and p-value) of IQ, Big Fives and Literacy and Numeracy by higher educational level.
| Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Adj. χ2 | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freshmen | IQ | 121.19 | 9.03 | −1.417 | 3.948 | 16.98 | 0.000 |
| Extraversion (E) | 3.31 | 0.81 | −0.191 | 2.525 | 1.21 | 0.547 | |
| Agreeableness (A) | 3.74 | 0.53 | −0.102 | 2.124 | 5.58 | 0.062 | |
| Conscientiousness (C) | 3.68 | 0.65 | −0.109 | 2.338 | 2.31 | 0.315 | |
| Neuroticism (N) | 2.93 | 0.74 | −0.923 | 3.068 | 0.37 | 0.832 | |
| Openness (O) | 4.08 | 0.62 | −1.447 | 6.279 | 23.02 | 0.000 | |
| Literacy | 200a | 40 a | 0.048 | 2.466 | 1.02 | 0.599 | |
| Numeracy | 200a | 40 a | −0.302 | 2.732 | 1.41 | 0.495 | |
| Undergraduate | IQ | 118.76 | 12.02 | −1.767 | 6.769 | 26.93 | 0.000 |
| Extraversion (E) | 3.37 | 0.81 | 0.430 | 2.715 | 2.61 | 0.272 | |
| Agreeableness (A) | 3.64 | 0.57 | −0.072 | 2.603 | 0.37 | 0.832 | |
| Conscientiousness (C) | 3.58 | 0.75 | −0.476 | 2.886 | 3.10 | 0.212 | |
| Neuroticism (N) | 3.06 | 0.88 | −0.211 | 2.642 | 0.83 | 0.660 | |
| Openness (O) | 4.04 | 0.63 | −0.838 | 3.493 | 8.25 | 0.016 | |
| Literacy | 200a | 40 a | −0.585 | 3.451 | 5.37 | 0.068 | |
| Numeracy | 200a | 40 a | −0.350 | 2.944 | 1.79 | 0.410 | |
| Bachelor graduate | IQ | 126.22 | 2.54 | −2.780 | 10.658 | 29.50 | 0.000 |
| Extraversion (E) | 3.31 | 0.71 | −0.733 | 2.970 | 4.20 | 0.122 | |
| Agreeableness (A) | 3.74 | 0.59 | −0.799 | 3.538 | 5.48 | 0.065 | |
| Conscientiousness (C) | 3.83 | 0.65 | −0.482 | 2.719 | 1.92 | 0.383 | |
| Neuroticism (N) | 3.16 | 0.80 | −0.196 | 2.703 | 0.32 | 0.854 | |
| Openness (O) | 4.14 | 0.49 | −0.658 | 3.260 | 4.06 | 0.131 | |
| Literacy | 200a | 40 a | 0.129 | 2.869 | 0.21 | 0.901 | |
| Numeracy | 200a | 40 a | −0.241 | 2.419 | 0.89 | 0.640 |
a
The TECO scores are presented as standardized values on a scale with mean 200 and standard deviation 40.