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. 2021 Jul 15;13:156. doi: 10.1007/s40820-021-00681-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A series of general strategies for 2D nanocatalysts cover the number of reactive sites, surface/interface characteristics, electron states and energy band structures. Specific strategies for photocatalysis and electrocatalysis are, respectively, on the basis of light absorption and electron transfer. Besides, approaches, such as doping, heterojunctions, phase transition and defects, perform the function as lubricants to realize the above-mentioned strategies for catalytic performance enhancement