Fig. 5.

Common synthesis procedures for 2D nanomaterial based on top-down and bottom-up methods. Top-down methods include liquid/gas exfoliation, mechanical cleavage, chemical etching, shaking treatment, wet ball milling, and sonication. Bottom-up approaches include surfactant-assisted synthesis, surfactant self-assembly, chemical vapor deposition, template-assisted synthesis, solvothermal synthesis and inorganic–organic lamellar