Table 2.
CCB characteristics, outcomes, and quality of the included studies.
| No | Author | Samples with CCB (%) | CCB administration | CCB type | CCB monotherapy/combination | LOS/follow up (days) | Outcome | Severity criteria | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Li et al., 2020 [14] |
69.1 | n/a | n/a | Mono and/or comb | 19.3 ± 11.06 (Mor 17 ± 18.13 vs 19.33 ± 9.69; Sev: 21.3 ± 14.95 vs 18 ± 9.71) | Sev, Mor | COVID-19 guideline of China (5th ed) | 9 |
| 2 | Liu et al., 2020 [15] |
52.9 | n/a | n/a | Mono | n/a | Sev, Mor | Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline (7th ed) | 8 |
| 3 | Liu et al., 2020 [41] |
50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sev | NHC of China | 9 |
| 4 | Yan et al., 2020 [16] |
14.6 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a (21.22 ± 10.02 vs 19.07 ± 18.09) | Sev | NHC of China | 7 |
| 5 | Schneeweis et al., 2020 [52] |
0.7 | n/a | DHP | Mono | follow up 30 days | Sev, MV, ICU | Hospitalization for ARDS | 7 |
| 6 | Fosbøl et al., 2020 [21] |
10.9 | n/a | n/a | Mono and/or comb | follow up 30 days | Sev, Mor | ICD-10 diagnosis code B972A according to WHO criteria | 9 |
| 7 | Yan et al., 2020 [53] |
4.2 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 16.58 ± 7.98 (14.27 ± 25.55 vs 16.67 ± 6.73) | Sev | NHC of China | 8 |
| 8 | Reilev et al., 2020 [54] |
19 | n/a | n/a | n/a | follow up 30 days | Mor, ICU | – | 8 |
| 9 | Liabeuf et al., 2020 [17] |
21 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Mor, ICU | – | 9 |
| 10 | Sardu et al., 2020 [18] |
27.4 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Mor, ICU, MV | – | 7 |
| 11 | Solaimanzadeh et al., 2020 [9] |
36.9 | more than one dose | DHP (amlodipin-nifedipin) | n/a | n/a | Mor, MV | – | 7 |
| 12 | Zeng et al., 2020 [55] |
19.0 | n/a | DHP | n/a | n/a | Mor | – | 7 |
| 13 | Zhang et al., 2020 [38] |
71.1 | chronic | DHP (amlodipine, nifedipine, other) | Mono | n/a | Mor | – | 7 |
| 14 | Rath et al., 2020 [22] |
21.1 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 30 days | Mor | – | 7 |
| 15 | Conversano et al., 2020 [23] |
13.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 28 ± 2.53 | Mor | – | 8 |
| 16 | Giacomelli et al., 2020 [24] |
15.5 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 40 ± 3.25 (44 ± 2.50 vs 11 ± 3.77) | Mor | – | 7 |
| 17 | Iaccarino et al., 2020 [26] |
14.5 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Mor | – | 8 |
| 18 | Poblador-Plou et al., 2020 [27] |
5.4 | n/a | DHP | n/a | follow up 30 days | Mor | – | 9 |
| 19 | Selçuk et al., 2020 [28] |
30.1 | n/a | n/a | Mono and/or comb | 8.6 (10 ± 6 vs 8 ± 4) | Mor | – | 9 |
| 20 | Kocayigit et al., 2020 [29] |
40.8 | n/a | n/a | Mono and/or comb | n/a | Mor, ICU | – | 8 |
| 21 | Dashti et al., 2020 [56] | 31.9 | chronic | n/a | n/a | 9.73 ± 8.87 (ICU: 13.23 ± 10.40 vs 6.47 ± 5.42) | Mor, ICU | – | 8 |
| 22 | Jackson et al., 2020 [30] | 29.3 | chronic | DHP | n/a | n/a | Mor, MV | – | 8 |
| 23 | Trifirò et al., 2020 [31] | 16.6 | Chronic, 3 month prior | n/a | Mono and/or comb with ACEi/ARB | 23 ± 18.5 (n/a) | Mor, ICU | – | 8 |
| 24 | Lu et al., 2020 [32] | 11.7 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 27.67 ± 10.39 (18.00 ± 8.21 vs 29.00 ± 9.65) | Mor | – | 7 |
| 25 | Genet et al., 2020 [33] | 16.4 | Chronic, 1 week prior | n/a | n/a | 23.4 ± 10.0 (10.0 ± 6.0 vs 30) | Mor | – | 8 |
| 26 | Rezel-Potts et al., 2020 [57] | 10.5 | Chronic, 6 months | n/a | Mono | follow up 30 days | Mor | – | 9 |
| 27 | Abu-Jamous et al., 2020 [35] | 3.0 | newly administered during admission | n/a | n/a | follow up 21 days | Mor | – | 8 |
| 28 | Ferguson et al., 2020 [20] | 18.1 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 8.17 ± 7.16 (19.33 ± 14.37 vs 5.67 ± 4.58) | ICU | – | 8 |
| 29 | Iaccarino et al., 2020b [25] | 8.1 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | ICU | – | 8 |
| 30 | Hippisley-Cox et al., 2020 [34] | 16.9 | Chronic, 3 or more prescription, including 90 days prior to cohort entry | n/a | Mono and/or comb with ACEi/ARB | n/a | ICU | – | 8 |
| 31 | Higuchi et al., 2020 [19] | 15.8 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 8.33 ± 5.32 (n/a) | MV | – | 8 |
Data are presented as poor outcomes vs. good outcomes. Chronic use of CCB represents medication prior to admission.
Abbreviations, ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; comb: combination therapy; DHP: dihydropyridine; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; mono: monotherapy; Mor: Mortality; MV: mechanical ventilation; n/a: not available; NHC: National Health Commission; NOS: Newcastle Ottawa Scale; Sev: Severity; WHO: World Health Organization.