Table 1.

Approximations to the and consumer animosity.

Author(s) and Year	Definition
(Klein et al., 1998 p.90)	“The remnants of antipathy related to previous or ongoing military, political, or economic events will affect consumers' purchase behavior in the international marketplace”
(Rose et al., 2009 p.330)	“Consumer animosity refers to strong negative emotions toward purchasing products from a disliked nation or group”
(Hoffmann et al., 2011 p.236)	“Consumer animosity is the antipathy toward a certain country, which negatively affects the intention to buy products imported from that country”
(Little and Singh, 2015 p.84)	“Antipathy toward nations, regions, cultures, groups, or organizations”
(Li et al., 2021 p.2)	“Critical factor affecting consumers' product perceptions and purchase behaviors, particularly in the context of international businesses”

Source: Author's own compilation.