Table 3.
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with IFA intake below recommended among pregnant women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
| List of variables | Category of variables | Model II (community-level) AOR with 95% CI |
Model III (Individual-level) AOR with 95% CI |
Model IV (Full model) AOR with 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residence | Urban | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| Rural | 1.27 (1.09, 1.82)∗ | – | 1.74 (1.37, 2.50)∗ | |
| Proportion of No media exposure at community | Low | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| High | 1.23 (0.81, 1.84) | – | 0.94 (0.57, 1.54) | |
| Proportion of illiteracy level | Low | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| High | 1.52 (1.09, 2.36)∗ | – | 1.43 (1.06,1.70)∗ | |
| Region category in the country | Peripheral | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| Central | 1.25 (0.83, 1.86) | – | 1.38 (0.88,2.17) | |
| Metropolis | 0.56 (0.33, 0.94) | – | 0.71 (0.40,1.25) | |
| Age category | 15–24 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 | – | 1.21 (0.75, 1.95) | 1.21 (0.44, 1.95) | |
| 35+ | – | 0.87 (0.51, 1.47) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.49) | |
| Respondent's educational status | Illiterate | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | – | 0.63 (0.41, 0.86)∗ | 0.63 (0.40, 0.78)∗ | |
| Secondary | – | 0.90 (0.45, 1.80) | 0.83 (0.42, 1.85) | |
| Higher | – | 0.60 (0.23, 1.57) | 0.53 (0.22, 1.57) | |
| Husband's educational status | Illiterate | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | – | 0.76 (0.49, 1.19) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.20) | |
| Secondary | – | 1.19 (0.64, 2.22) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.26) | |
| Higher | – | 0.59 (0.27, 1.26) | 0.58 (0.27, 1.25) | |
| Wealth Index | Poorest | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | – | 1.63 (1.08, 3.14)∗ | 1.53 (1.08, 3.09)∗ | |
| Middle | – | 1.62 (0.87, 3.00) | 1.53 (0.84, 2.94) | |
| Richer | – | 1.56 (0.80, 3.05) | 1.53 (0.76, 2.98) | |
| Richest | – | 1.30 (0.59, 2.83) | 1.23 (0.49, 3.12) | |
| Family size | <5 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 5+ | – | 1.30 (0.88, 1.94) | 1.33 (0.87, 1.95) | |
| Head of the household | Males | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Females | – | 0.75 (0.42, 1.35) | 0.73 (0.42, 1.40) | |
| Media Exposure | No | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | – | 0.81 (0.54, 1.23) | 0.83 (0.52, 1.30) | |
| Number of ANC visits | 1–3 visits | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 4 + visits | – | 0.46 (0.30, 0.69)∗ | 0.43 (0.31, 0.69)∗ | |
| Get nutritional counsel during pregnancy | Yes | – | 0.65 (0.37, 0.85)∗ | 0.63 (0.37, 0.84)∗ |
| No | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Distance to health facilities | Big problem | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not big problem | – | 0.89 (0.57, 1.37) | 0.89 (0.59,1.36) |
Key note: ∗-p value <0.05, AOR-Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI-Confidence Interval.