Table 4.
PET imaging-based cell tracking methods.
| General Detection Limit/cells [98] | Labeling strategy | Labeling agent | Availability | Clinical approval of agent | Applicable cell types | Labeling efficiency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ~104 | direct | 18F-FDG | Clinical | Yes | Leukocytes [105] | 72–75% |
| MAK cells [105] | 88% | |||||
| Islets cells [105] | 4–97% | |||||
| Unselected BMCs, enriched CD34+ cells [105] | >99% | |||||
| Non-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells [105] | 6% | |||||
| PHSC [105] | 46–95% | |||||
| Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells [106] | NA | |||||
| Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells [107] | NA | |||||
| Adipose-derived stem cells [108] | NA | |||||
| T lymphocytes [109] | NA | |||||
| T-lymphoblasts [110] | NA | |||||
| circulating progenitor cells [111,112] | NA | |||||
| WBC [113] | NA | |||||
| direct | 89Zr-oxine | non-clinical (house-made) | No | Dendritic cell: DCs [114] | 40–50% | |
| cytotoxic T cells: CTLs [114] | 10–20% | |||||
| Natural killer: NK [114] | 30–40% | |||||
| Bone Marrow [114] | 10–20% | |||||
| murine myeloma cells [115] | NA | |||||
| direct | 64Cu-PTSM | non-clinical (house-made) | No | C6 glioma cells [120] | 70–85% | |
| direct | 64Cu-TETA- or 89Zr-DFO-antiCD45 | non-clinical (house-made) | No | hPBSCs [121] | NA | |
| indirect | HSV1-tk/18F-FHBG | non-clinical (house-made) | No | CD34-TK75(+)-selected donor T cells [122] | NA | |
| hMSC [123,124] | NA | |||||
| cytolytic T cells: CTLs [125] | NA |