Table 6.
MRI-based cell tracking methods.
| General Detection Limit/cells [98] | Labeling strategy | Labeling agent | Physical features of agent | Availability | Clinical approval | Applicable cell types | Labeling efficiency | Cell viability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ~104 | direct | SPIO: Resovist | iron particle; carboxydextran-coated; 57 nm | Clinical | Yes | rabbit MSC | NA | |
| human monocytic cells (THP-1) [132] | 2.1–22.6 pg/cell | not toxic in a conc. of 0.75 mM Fe | ||||||
| murine MSC [133] | NA | >90% | ||||||
| direct | SPIO: Feridex | iron particle; Dextran-coated; 100–250 nm | Clinical | Yes | rat MSC [134] | 0.6–1.5 pg/cell | >90%, no change from MSC only | |
| rabbit MSC, rat MSC, murine MSC, | NA | NA | ||||||
| direct | SPIO: FeraTrack | iron particle; Dextran-coated; 60–140 nm | non-clinical (commercially available) | No | established cell lines (NIH-3T3 cells, Jurkat cells) | 3.33 ± 0.64 pg Fe/cell (hNSCs, using Metafectene) | 90.6% (hNSC) | |
| primary cells (granulocytes, neural progenitor cells) | ||||||||
| stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs], mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs], and embryonic stem cells [ESCs]) | ||||||||
| murine neural progenitor cells and rat granulocytes | ||||||||
| not applicable for natural killer (NK) cells | ||||||||
| NSCs | ||||||||
| direct | USPIO: Ferumoxytol | iron particle carboxymethylether-coated 17–30 nm |
Clinical | Yes | hMSC, ADSCs, hiPS, HEK293 [136] | NA | no significant impact (data not shown) | |
| direct | USPIO: VSOP | citrate-coated very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles | non-clinical (house-made) | No | human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) [132] | 19.6–60.3 pg/cell | not toxic in a conc. of 0.75 mM Fe | |
| direct | SPIO: Endorem | dextran-coated SPIO nanoparticles, 120–180 nm | Clinical | Yes | hMPC [135] | 0.5 pg Fe/cell | 92%, 86%, and 77%,concentration dependent cell morphology did not change | |
| direct | 19F-PFC | hydrophobic emulsion | Clinical | No | human dendritic cells [137] | 3.9 × 1012 ± 3.4 × 101219F/cell | >95% | |
| direct | Gd (HP-DO3A): Gadoteridol/Prohance | chelate | Clinical | Yes | J774A.1, K562 [138] | NA | >90% | |
| direct | MnCl2 | metal ion | non-clinical (commercially available) | No | hESC | NA | NA | |
| human T, NK, B cell [139] | NA | no impact up to a certain concentration | ||||||
| mononuclear cell [140] | NA | 95.4% before transplantation | ||||||
| indirect | Ferritin/Fe ion | metal ion in tissues | non-clinical (house-made) | No | Mouse skeletal myoblasts (C2C12 cells) [140,141] | NA | NA |