Table 3.
Factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among adults in Peru (ENDES 2019).
| Variable | Crude |
Adjusted∗ |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | P-value | aPR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 18-29 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 30-49 | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.119 |
| 50-69 | 0.69 (0.64–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.73–0.87) | <0.001 |
| 70 or more | 0.50 (0.45–0.56) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | ||
| Male | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 0.002 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non native | Reference | Reference | ||
| Native | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 0.053 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.356 |
| Afro-Peruvian | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 0.820 | 0.95 (0.96–1.05) | 0.312 |
| Educational level | ||||
| None or elementary school | Reference | Reference | ||
| Primary education | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.363 | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.087 |
| Secondary education | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 0.061 | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.195 |
| Higher education | 1.15 (1.01–1.32) | 0.040 | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 0.480 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | Reference | Reference | ||
| Married | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | 0.956 |
| Widowed, divorced or separated | 0.72 (0.65–0.80) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) | 0.911 |
| Health insurance | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.022 |
| Body Mass Index | ||||
| Underweight/Normal | Reference | Reference | ||
| Overweight | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.218 | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.049 |
| Obesity | 0.88 (0.81–0.97) | 0.010 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.001 |
| Physical or psychological limitation | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.73 (0.57–0.93) | 0.012 | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) | 0.348 |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.74 (0.63–0.88) | 0.001 | 0.86 (0.73–1.00) | 0.054 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.47 (0.36–0.60) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.43–0.70) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 0.631 |
| Binge drinking | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.25 (1.16–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.405 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Richest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rich | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 0.613 | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 0.399 |
| Middle | 1.12 (1.00–1.27) | 0.057 | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 0.113 |
| Poor | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.022 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.207 |
| Poorest | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | 0.005 | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | 0.027 |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rural | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.016 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.435 |
| Natural region of residence | ||||
| Jungle | Reference | Reference | ||
| Andean | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) | 0.030 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.955 |
| Coast | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.338 | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | 0.001 |
| Altitude of residence (meters) | ||||
| 0-499 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 500-1499 | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 0.997 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.879 |
| 1500-2999 | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 0.775 | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 0.211 |
| 3000 or more | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 0.001 | 1.20 (1.01–1.42) | 0.043 |
Weighting factors and sample specifications of ENDES were included for all analyses.
ENDES: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar.
CI: confidence interval; PR: prevalence ratio; aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio.
∗
Adjusted model for all the variables that resulted in a value of p <0.2 in the crude model.