Table 4.
Factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension in a second blood pressure measurement among adults in Peru (ENDES 2019).
| Variable | Crude |
Adjusted∗ |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | P-value | aPR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 18-29 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 30-49 | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.210 |
| 50-69 | 0.68 (0.64–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | <0.001 |
| 70 or more | 0.50 (0.44–0.56) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | ||
| Male | 1.33 (1.23–1.45) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 0.001 |
| Educational level | ||||
| None or elementary school | Reference | Reference | ||
| Primary education | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.289 | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.084 |
| Secondary education | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | 0.135 | 0.89 (0.75–1.04) | 0.141 |
| Higher education | 1.15 (1.00–1.31) | 0.042 | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 0.367 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | Reference | Reference | ||
| Married | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.90–1.08) | 0.713 |
| Widowed, divorced or separated | 0.71 (0.64–0.80) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.88–1.12) | 0.954 |
| Health insurance | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.025 |
| Body Mass Index | ||||
| Underweight/Normal | Reference | Reference | ||
| Overweight | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.263 | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 0.104 |
| Obesity | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 0.008 | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 0.002 |
| Physical or psychological limitation | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.018 | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | 0.434 |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) | 0.002 | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 0.064 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.46 (0.36–0.60) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.43–0.71) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.440 |
| Binge drinking | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.24 (1.15–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.449 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Richest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rich | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 0.663 | 1.06 (0.94–1.21) | 0.337 |
| Middle | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) | 0.134 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.222 |
| Poor | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 0.023 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.223 |
| Poorest | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 0.008 | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 0.075 |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rural | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.022 | 1.01 (0.95–1.10) | 0.826 |
| Natural region of residence | ||||
| Jungle | Reference | Reference | ||
| Andean | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 0.014 | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 0.789 |
| Coast | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 0.677 | 1.13 (1.04–1.24) | 0.006 |
| Altitude of residence (meters) | ||||
| 0-499 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 500-1499 | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.884 | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 0.965 |
| 1500-2999 | 1.01 (0.93–1.11) | 0.757 | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | 0.278 |
| 3000 or more | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.02–1.42) | 0.027 |
Weighting factors and sample specifications of ENDES were included for all analyses.
ENDES: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar.
CI: confidence interval; PR: prevalence ratio; aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio.
∗
Adjusted model for all the variables that resulted in a value of p <0.2 in the crude model.