. 2021 Jul 16;12(3):307–324. doi: 10.1007/s13167-021-00247-0

Table 2.

“Gene Scores” of pharmacogenes for COVID-19 treatment

Gene type	Gene name	Gene Score^e
Gene type	Gene name	AFR^f	SAS^f	AME^f	EAS^f	NFE^f	FIN^f	ASJ^f	OTH^f
Transporters^a
	SLC47A1^g	0.003	0.003	0.019	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
	Mean score^h	0.025	0.015	0.016	0.029	0.005	0.010	0.009	0.004
Metabolizing enzyme genes^b
	G6PD^g	0.013	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002
	Mean score^h	0.014	0.006	0.009	0.019	0.005	0.006	0.007	0.002
Targeted genes^c
	VDR^g	0.239	0.202	0.155	0.134	0.033	0.010	0.106	0.003
	Mean score^h	0.012	0.008	0.009	0.013	0.006	0.006	0.009	0.004
Other genes^d
	IFNL3^g	0.002	0.001	0.004	0.005	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
	Mean score^h	0.020	0.009	0.011	0.016	0.007	0.012	0.008	0.005

a: “Transporters are pharmacogenes” which can transport drugs or metabolites of drugs into or out of cells. The abnormal function of transporters can affect the concentration of drugs

b: “Metabolizing enzyme genes” are pharmacogenes which can metabolize drugs into active metabolites or inactive metabolites. The abnormal function of metabolizing enzymes can affect the effects of drugs through increasing or decreasing the metabolizing rate

c: “Targeted genes” are the direct targets of drugs. The abnormal function of targets can directly affect the binding affinity of drugs, thus largely impact on the effects of drugs

d: “Other genes” can affect the effects of drugs but not belong to these three categories of pharmacogenes mentioned above. These pharmacogenes may be involved in the pathways of drugs’ effects (eg. IFNL3), or impact on the efficacy of drugs through changing the plasma protein binding rate (eg. ALB)

e: “Gene Score” indicates the frequency of carrying at least a homozygous potential deleterious mutation in this pharmacogene. A higher “Gene Score” indicates that abnormal function of this pharmacogene could be more likely found in this ethnic group

f: The calculated “Gene Score” in eight ethnic groups including: AFR-African, AMR-Latino, EAS-East Asian, SAS-South Asian, FIN-Finnish, NFE-non-Finnish European, ASJ-Ashkenazi Jewish, OTH-Other

g: The pharmacogenes of drugs in COVID-19 treatment including: SLC47A1-Solute carrier family 47 member 1, G6PD-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, VDR-Vitamin D receptor, IFNL3-Interferon lambda 3

h: The mean “Gene Score” of all pharmacogenes in the each category was calculated for eight ethnic groups