Table 2.
Current state of fluid biomarkers in the SCAs.
| Fluid biomarkers |
|---|
| Poly‐Q expanded ataxin‐3 |
| ↑ in plasma and CSF of SCA3 104 , 105 |
| Oxidative stress markers |
| ↑ in serum of SCA3 106 |
| Carboxyl terminus of Hsp70‐interacting protein |
| ↑ in serum and CSF of SCA3 107 |
| Oxidation of 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) |
| ↑ in serum of SCA3 108 |
| Glutathione peroxidase activity |
| ↓ in serum of symptomatic SCA3 108 |
| IGFBP‐1 and IGFBP‐3 |
| ↑ in serum of SCA3 109 |
| Insulin |
| ↓ in serum of SCA3 109 |
| Neuron‐specific enolase |
| ↑ in serum of SCA3 110 , 111 |
| Neurofilament light chain |
| ↑ in serum and CSF of SCA1 112 and SCA3 112 , 113 , 114 |
| Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain |
| ↑ in serum of SCA3 112 |
| miRNA |
| ↑ miR‐34b, 114 miR‐7014 115 in serum, and CSF of SCA3 |
| Differential expression of seventy one miRs in plasma of SCA7 12 |
| ↓miR‐25, 114 miR‐29a, 114 miR‐125b, 114 and miR‐7014 115 in serum/plasma of SCA3 |
| Different expression of various exosomal miRs in plasma and CSF of SCA3 115 |
| S100B |
| ↑ in serum of SCA3 111 |
| Tau |
| ↑ in CSF of SCA2 117 |
| Valine, leucine, and tyrosine |
| ↓ in plasma of SCA7 118 |