Table 4.
Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Risk Factors for Enterococcal Cholangitis
| Variable | Enterococcus faecium and/or faecalis (n=56) | Others (n=210) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Patient | |||||||
| Age ≥75 yr | 30 (53.6) | 101 (48.1) | 1.25 (0.69–2.25) | 0.47 | |||
| Male sex | 38 (67.9) | 136 (64.8) | 1.15 (0.61–2.15) | 0.67 | |||
| Septic shock | 3 (5.4) | 7 (3.3) | 1.64 (0.41–6.56) | 0.48 | |||
| Usage of inotropes | 2 (3.6) | 6 (2.9) | 1.25 (0.25–6.42) | 0.78 | |||
| Onset of >48 hr after admission | 13 (23.2) | 29 (13.8) | 1.88 (0.91–3.93) | 0.09 | |||
| Underlying biliary disease | |||||||
| Common bile duct calculus | 30 (53.6) | 113 (53.8) | 0.97 (0.54–1.75) | 0.92 | |||
| Gallstone or biliary sludge | 27 (48.2) | 123 (58.6) | 0.66 (0.36–1.19) | 1.98 | |||
| Hemobilia | 1 (1.8) | 2 (1.0) | 1.89 (0.17–21.24) | 0.28 | |||
| Malignant neoplasm of biliary tract | 25 (44.6) | 70 (33.3) | 1.61 (0.89–2.94) | 0.12 | |||
| Cholecystitis | 7 (12.5) | 15 (7.1) | 1.86 (0.72–4.80) | 0.2 | |||
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Renal failure treated with hemodialysis | 2 (3.6) | 7 (3.3) | 1.07 (0.22–5.32) | 0.93 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 16 (28.6) | 44 (21.0) | 1.51 (0.77–2.94) | 0.23 | |||
| Liver cirrhosis | 2 (3.5) | 8 (3.8) | 0.94 (0.19–4.53) | 0.93 | |||
| Prior biliary intervention | |||||||
| Endoscopic sphincterotomy | 24 (42.9) | 36 (17.1) | 3.63 (1.91–6.87) | <0.001 | 2.81 (1.37–5.77) | 0.005 | |
| Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation | 2 (3.6) | 13 (6.2) | 0.56 (0.12–2.56) | 0.45 | |||
| Biliary stent | 16 (28.5) | 28 (13.3) | 2.60 (1.29–5.25) | 0.006 | 1.85 (0.81–4.13) | 0.145 | |
| Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage | 3 (5.4) | 11 (5.2) | 1.02 (0.28–3.80) | 0.97 | |||
| PTGBD/PTGBA | 3 (5.4) | 4 (1.9) | 2.92 (0.63–13.42) | 0.15 | |||
| Biliary tract reconstruction | 7 (12.5) | 18 (8.6) | 1.52 (0.60–3.85) | 0.37 | |||
| Cholecystectomy | 14 (25.0) | 28 (13.3) | 2.17 (1.05–4.47) | 0.03 | 2.17 (0.98–4.66) | 0.056 | |
| Prior anastomosis in upper GI | |||||||
| Billroth II | 2 (3.6) | 3 (1.4) | 2.59 (0.42–15.90) | 0.29 | |||
| Roux-en-Y anastomosis | 1 (1.8) | 9 (4.3) | 0.41 (0.05–3.32) | 0.39 | |||
| ICU admission | |||||||
| Current | 26 (46.4) | 97 (46.2) | 1.01 (0.56–1.82) | 0.97 | |||
| Past | 19 (33.9) | 42 (20.0) | 2.05 (1.07–3.93) | 0.03 | 1.83 (0.91–3.60) | 0.089 | |
| Antibiotic use within 14 days prior to occurrence of cholangitis | |||||||
| Cephem | 9 (16.1) | 25 (11.9) | 1.75 (0.75–4.08) | 0.19 | |||
| Penicillin | 2 (3.6) | 1 (0.5) | 3.91 (0.54–28.37) | 0.15 | |||
| Carbapenem | 2 (3.6) | 3 (1.4) | 2.59 (0.42–15.90) | 0.29 | |||
Data are presented as number (%).
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PTGBA/PTGBD, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration/drainage; GI, gastrointestinal tract; ICU, intensive care unit.