Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients with COVID-19 According to Liver Test Results
| Characteristics | Liver tests (aminotransferase) | Total | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Abnormal | |||
| No. of patients | 512 (58.6) | 362 (41.4) | 874 | |
| Age, yr | 62 (49–73) | 62 (52–73) | 62 (51–73) | 0.707 |
| Male sex | 137 (26.8) | 171 (47.2) | 308 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2 (20.9–25.0) | 24.7 (22.3–26.7) | 23.7 (21.7–26.0) | 0.337 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Diabetes | 105 (20.5) | 75 (20.7) | 180 (20.6) | 0.940 |
| Hypertension | 168 (32.8) | 115 (31.8) | 283 (32.4) | 0.745 |
| Coronary artery disease | 13 (2.4) | 21 (6.2) | 34 (3.9) | 0.014 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6 (1.2) | 7 (1.9) | 13 (1.5) | 0.359 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 (2.3) | 4 (1.1) | 16 (1.8) | 0.178 |
| Liver-related disease | ||||
| Etiology | ||||
| Chronic hepatitis B | 12 (2.3) | 9 (2.5) | 21 (2.4) | 0.892 |
| Chronic hepatitis C | 8 (1.6) | 2 (0.6) | 10 (1.1) | 0.167 |
| Alcoholic liver disease | 4 (0.8) | 5 (1.4) | 9 (1.0) | 0.387 |
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0.414 |
| Others | 0 | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.3) | 0.710 |
| Liver cirrhosis | ||||
| No cirrhosis | 17 (3.3) | 13 (3.6) | 30 (3.4) | 0.828 |
| Compensated cirrhosis | 3 (0.6) | 4 (1.1) | 7 (0.8) | 0.396 |
| Decompensated cirrhosis | 3 (0.6) | 4 (1.1) | 7 (0.8) | 0.457 |
| Signs and symptoms on admission | ||||
| Fever/chills | 201 (39.9) | 189 (52.2) | 390 (45.0) | 0.001 |
| Cough | 283 (56.3) | 218 (60.4) | 501 (58.0) | 0.226 |
| Dyspnea | 99 (19.6) | 124 (34.3) | 223 (25.8) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea/vomiting/diarrhea) | 114 (22.6) | 90 (24.9) | 204 (23.6) | 0.443 |
| Myalgia | 161 (31.9) | 127 (35.2) | 288 (33.3) | 0.319 |
| Headache | 139 (27.6) | 85 (23.5) | 224 (25.9) | 0.182 |
| Days from symptom onset to admission | 6 (3-9) | 6 (3-8) | 6 (3-9) | 0.565 |
| SIRS on admission | 37 (7.3) | 78 (21.5) | 115 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Severe patients on admission | 36 (7.0) | 94 (26.0) | 130 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| Radiologic findings on admission | ||||
| Abnormal chest radiographs | 276 (53.9) | 255 (70.4) | 531 (60.8) | <0.001 |
| Bilateral involvement of chest radiographs | 169 (33.0) | 199 (55.0) | 368 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 256 (50.0) | 235 (64.9) | 491 (56.2) | <0.001 |
| Darunavir/cobicistat | 18 (3.5) | 25 (6.9) | 43 (4.9) | 0.022 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 248 (48.4) | 228 (63.0) | 476 (54.5) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotics | 359 (70.1) | 317 (87.6) | 676 (77.3) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as the number (%) or median (interquartile range).
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.