Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of counties according to implementation of early or late lockdown (defined as whether or not implementation date was before the inflection point, i.e., 7 days before 5 total cases were reported in a county) in the course of the pandemic.
| County Characteristics | Early Lockdown (n = 1349) | Late Lockdown (n = 1378) |
|---|---|---|
| Total Population (x103) | 20.6 ± 21 | 208 ± 479 |
| Population Density (number of people per sq mile) | 64.2 ± 322 | 543 ± 2660 |
| Median Age (years) | 42.9 ± 5.51 | 39.9 ± 4.71 |
| Median Family Income ($ x103) | 61.5 ± 12.3 | 70.7 ± 19.2 |
| Gini Index | 0.441 ± 0.0378 | 0.453 ± 0.0344 |
| Proportion of Male (%) | 50.7 ± 2.76 | 49.5 ± 1.83 |
| Proportion of Whites (%) | 87.4 ± 14.4 | 77.1 ± 17.4 |
| Proportion of African Americans (%) | 5.17 ± 11 | 14.5 ± 16.8 |
| Proportion of Natives (%) | 2.22 ± 7.69 | 1.1 ± 4.42 |
| Proportion of Asians (%) | 0.741 ± 1.72 | 2.19 ± 3.63 |
| Proportion of Individuals who Used Public Transport (%) | 0.438 ± 1.06 | 1.54 ± 4.44 |
| Proportion who Moved within the Same County (%) | 5.62 ± 2.44 | 6.9 ± 2.6 |
| Proportion with Private Health Insurance (%) | 63 ± 10 | 66.4 ± 9.82 |
| Proportion with Public Health Insurance (%) | 42.3 ± 9.09 | 37.5 ± 8.09 |
| Debt/Contract Relief (days)* | −60.3 ± 45.4 | −7.46 ± 8.64 |
| Public Information Campaigns (days) * | −91.4 ± 48.8 | −33.3 ± 22.1 |
| Testing Policy (days) * | −117 ± 45.5 | −65.2 ± 7.42 |
| Contact Tracing (days) * | −117 ± 45.5 | −65.2 ± 7.41 |
| Facial Coverings (days) * | 123 ± 143 | 170 ± 138 |
| Vaccination Policy (days) * | 211 ± 45.5 | 264 ± 9.55 |
| Protection of Elderly People (days) * | −4.44 ± 135 | 43.6 ± 112 |
P-values for all variables are smaller than 0.05 based on a Wilcoxon test for differences between early lockdown and late lockdown. Data are shown as mean ± SD.
⁎
days are calculated relative to day 0 (i.e. the date on which counties reported 5 or more cumulative cases of COVID-19). A negative value would indicate that counties implemented these non-pharmacologic intervention (NPI) several days prior to day 0; a positive value would indicate that NPIs were implemented after day 0.