Table 2.

Major Wing Pattern and Color Loci in Heliconius

Heliconius Melpomene	Heliconius erato	Other	Genes	Scaffold	Phenotype	Key References
B	D	Br/G a	optix, putative enhancers	HE670865	Red on HW and FW, ventral brown patterns	Reed et al. (2011), Supple et al. (2013), Van Belleghem et al. (2017), and Wallbank et al. (2016)
Yb/Sb/N	Cr	P b	cortex, putative enhancers, and possibly nearby genes.	HE667780	Yellow/white on HW and FW	Joron et al. (2006), Nadeau et al. (2016), Enciso-Romero et al. (2017), and Van Belleghem et al. (2017)
Ac	Sd		WntA, putative enhancers	HE668478 HE669520	Pattern shape	Martin et al. (2012) and Mazo-Vargas et al. (2017)
Ro	Ro		possibly vvl or rsp3	HE671554	FW band shape	Morris et al. (2019) and Van Belleghem et al. (2017)
K	K		aristaless2	HE671246 HE670889	White/yellow switch	Westerman et al. (2018)

Note.—Color pattern loci are historically named differently in various species (Sheppard et al. 1985). However, more recent research has demonstrated that loci that have been defined from intraspecific crosses in different species map to homologous regions of the genome (e.g., see Joron et al. [2006]). Moreover, candidate protein-coding genes have been identified and, in some cases, the intervals containing functional variation have been localized (see Key References). Scaffold numbers refer to the Hmel v1 assembly. HW, hindwing; FW, forewing.

^aBrown patterns in Heliconius cydno and Heliconius pachinus (Chamberlain et al. 2011).

^bThe Pushmipullyu supergene controlling most of the wing patterning in Heliconius numata (Joron et al. 2011).