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. 2021 Jul 2;12:662544. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662544

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Copyright © 2021 Yanai, Ishibashi and Morishita.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Forest plot describing a comparison of the incidence of cardiovascular events between RAAS blockers (ARBs, ACEIs, MRAs, and the combination of ARBs and ACEIs) and placebo in pre-dialysis and on-dialysis patients with CKD. (B) Forest plot describing a comparison of the incidence of cardiovascular events between RAAS blockers (ARBs, ACEIs, MRAs, and combination of ARBs and ACEIs) and placebo in pre-dialysis patients with CKD. (C) Forest plot describing a comparison of the incidence of cardiovascular events between RAAS blockers (ARBs and MRAs) and placebo in on-dialysis patients with CKD. ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CI, confidence intervals; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MRAs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system