TABLE 3.

Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on the development of cardiovascular disease in pre-dialysis patients with CKD.

Class of RAAS blocker	Authors, Year; Reference number	Patients	Study design	Study protocol	Results
ACEI	Bowling et al., 2013; 2	N = 1036; Stage 1–5 Chronic heart failure with ejection fraction <35% and serum creatinine <2.5 mg/dL	RCT; Multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial	enalapril 2.5–20 mg daily or placebo; 3 years	Enalapril reduced cardiovascular hospitalization in patients with CKD compared with placebo (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.90; p < 0.001).

ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; RCT, randomized controlled trial