Table 2.

Bivariate analysis showing the association of bio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics in round-I with the acquiring and recovery from disability in round-II respectively among panel data of older adults (60 + years) in India

Characteristics	Change in disability status during round-II
	Total	Disability acquired				Total	Disability recovered
	N	N	%	✗2 tests		N	N	%	✗2 tests
Gender of individual
Male	4,654	1,440	30.9	✗2 = 59.56; p-value = 0.001		422	201	47.6	✗2 = 0.32; p-value = 0.568
Female	4,879	1,877	38.5			572	262	45.8
Age-group (in years)
60–69	6,755	2,102	31.1	✗2 = 152.14; p-value = 0.001		588	303	51.5	✗2 = 14.85; p-value = 0.001
70–79	2,331	985	42.3			332	134	40.4
80+	447	230	51.5			74	26	35.1
Had Cardiovascular diseases
No	9,400	3,263	34.7	✗2 = 2.00; p-value = 0.157		952	448	47.1	✗2 = 2.08; p-value = 0.149
Yes	133	54	40.6			42	15	35.7
Had Hypertension
No	9,030	3,115	34.5	✗2 = 6.73; p-value = 0.009		825	389	47.2	✗2 = 0.64; p-value = 0.424
Yes	503	202	40.2			169	74	43.8
Had Diabetes
No	9,276	3,217	34.7	✗2 = 1.97; p-value = 0.160		896	424	47.3	✗2 = 2.01; p-value = 0.156
Yes	257	100	38.9			98	39	39.8
Had Respiratory illnesses
No	9,290	3,227	34.7	✗2 = 0.55; p-value = 0.457		935	438	46.8	✗2 = 0.45; p-value = 0.504
Yes	243	90	37.0			59	25	42.4
Had Cataract
No	9,346	3,231	34.6	✗2 = 10.53; p-value = 0.001		867	408	47.1	✗2 = 0.63; p-value = 0.429
Yes	187	86	46.0			127	55	43.3
Had Any other chronic illnesses
No	9,160	3,159	34.5	✗2 = 9.79; p-value = 0.002		859	412	48.0	✗2 = 4.86; p-value = 0.027
Yes	373	158	42.4			135	51	37.8
Current marital status
Currently married	6,478	2,097	32.4	✗2 = 52.34; p-value = 0.001		608	287	47.2	✗2 = 0.24; p-value = 0.620
Currently not married	3,055	1,220	39.9			386	176	45.6
Level of education
No formal schooling	5,724	2,091	36.5	✗2 = 32.35; p-value = 0.001		538	263	48.9	✗2 = 4.04; p-value = 0.257
Less than 5 years of schooling	1,646	575	34.9			221	93	42.1
6–10 years of schooling	1,452	417	28.7			170	74	43.5
More than 10 years of schooling	711	234	32.9			65	33	50.8
Working status
Working	1,505	466	31.0	✗2 = 11.56; p-value = 0.001		88	38	43.2	✗2 = 0.45; p-value = 0.503
Not working	8,028	2,851	35.5			906	425	46.9
Household headship status
No	4,803	1,792	37.3	✗2 = 26.99; p-value = 0.001		531	242	45.6	✗2 = 0.46; p-value = 0.496
Yes	4,730	1,525	32.2			463	221	47.7
Family structure
Joint/Extended	7,369	2,576	35.0	✗2 = 43.23; p-value = 0.001		740	342	46.2	✗2 = 1.71; p-value = 0.425
Nuclear	1,169	328	28.1			99	52	52.5
Single generation	995	413	41.5			155	69	44.5
Household wealth quintile
Poorest	1,468	570	38.8	✗2 = 17.31; p-value = 0.002		135	54	40.0	✗2 = 4.74; p-value = 0.315
Poor	1,633	591	36.2			144	66	45.8
Medium	1,913	633	33.1			196	102	52.0
Rich	2,023	670	33.1			218	101	46.3
Richest	2,496	853	34.2			301	140	46.5
Household below poverty line (BPL)
No	7,619	2,605	34.2	✗2 = 6.10; p-value = 0.013		826	385	46.6	✗2 = 0.01; p-value = 0.966
Yes	1,914	712	37.2			168	78	46.4
Caste of household
Scheduled Tribes	563	177	31.4	✗2 = 16.89; p-value = 0.001		44	26	59.1	✗2 = 5.92; p-value = 0.116
Scheduled Castes	1,723	613	35.6			135	71	52.6
Other Backward Classes	3,936	1,447	36.8			398	175	44.0
Others	3,311	1,080	32.6			417	191	45.8
Religion of household
Hindu	7,897	2,787	35.3	✗2 = 5.39; p-value = 0.068		779	367	47.1	✗2 = 5.42; p-value = 0.067
Muslim	898	285	31.7			96	51	53.1
Others	738	245	33.2			119	45	37.8
Participates in social groups
Yes	3,415	1,138	33.3	✗2 = 5.08; p-value = 0.024		398	165	41.5	✗2 = 6.99; p-value = 0.008
No	6,118	2,179	35.6			596	298	50.0
Place of residence
Urban	2,512	838	33.4	✗2 = 3.09; p-value = 0.078		252	133	52.8	✗2 = 5.21; p-value = 0.022
Rural	7,021	2,479	35.3			742	330	44.5
Country regions
Northern	3,245	1,090	33.6	✗2 = 433.49; p-value = 0.001		243	121	49.8	✗2 = 48.32; p-value = 0.001
North Eastern	284	22	7.7			6	4	66.7
Central	937	539	57.5			92	28	30.4
Eastern	1,495	409	27.4			104	69	66.3
Western	1,412	365	25.8			172	99	57.6
Southern	2,160	892	41.3			377	142	37.7
Overall	9,533	3,317	34.8			994	463	46.6

Note – (a) ✗ ²-tests denotes the Chi-square test for association