Table 2.
Biochemical parameters of disease severity in patients with COVID-19.
| Parameter (Reference Range) | Moderate to severe disease (n=35) | Mild disease (n=49) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 11.6 ± 3.1 | 12.5 ± 1.9 | 0.171 |
| (12-14g/dl) | |||
| TLC (x 109/L) | 9.5 ± 5.5 | 7.0 ± 2.9 | 0.017 |
| (4.0-11.0 x 109/L) | |||
| Neutrophil (%) | 72.0 ± 15.5 | 55.5 ± 11.8 | 0.000 |
| (41-72%) | |||
| ANC (x 109/L) | 7.3 ± 5.3 | 4.0 ± 2.3 | 0.005 |
| (1.8-7.7 x 109/L) | |||
| Lymphocyte (%) | 16.7 ± 11.0 | 32.9 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| (15-45%) | |||
| ALC (x 109/L) | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| (1-4.8 x 109/L) | |||
| Platelet count (x 109/L) | 182.2 ± 108.2 | 197.2 ± 83.1 | 0.563 |
| (150-450 x 109/L) | |||
| NLR | 7.4 ± 5.9 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 0.000 |
| PLR | 18.4 ± 12.4 | 9.9 ± 4.8 | 0.010 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 141.6 ± 9.2 | 143.3 ± 3.6 | 0.484 |
| (135-145mmol/L) | |||
| K (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 0.057 |
| (3.5-5mmol/L) | |||
| Hypokalemia (%) | 17.2% | – | 0.011 |
| (<3.5mmol/L) | |||
| Urea (mg/dl) | 40.2 (31.0-90.9) | 22.6 (19.2-24.5) | 0.004 |
| (10-50mg/dl) | |||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.88 (0.78-1.15) | 0.69 (0.55-0.84) | 0.000 |
| (0.5-1.2mg/dl) | |||
| BUN/Cr | 22.7 (14.6-34.9) | 18.9 (14.6-24.1) | 0.347 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.51 (0.24-0.90) | 0.39 (0.28-0.58) | 0.522 |
| (0.2-1.2mg/dl) | |||
| AST(U/L) | 56.7 (45.7-85.7) | 23.9 (19.3-44.4) | 0.000 |
| (2-40U/L) | |||
| ALT(U/L) | 61.6 (31.3-117) | 29 (18.1-49.8) | 0.002 |
| (2-41U/L) | |||
| ALP (U/L) | 92.5 (69.7-121.2) | 96 (80-151.5) | 0.512 |
| (42-128U/L) | |||
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.26 (2.76-3.80) | 4.42 (4.23-4.64) | 0.000 |
| (3.4-4.8g/dl) | |||
| D-dimer (ng/ml) | 794.5 (361.9-1954.2) | 253.2 (148.4-470.7) | 0.000 |
| (0-240ng/ml) | |||
| Elevated D-dimer (%) | 91.7 | 55 | 0.002 |
| (>240ng/ml) | |||
| D-dimer ULN | 3.31 (1.50-8.14) | 1.06 (0.63-1.98) | 0.000 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 425.5 (171.0-813.9) | 81.0 (33.7-155.5) | 0.000 |
| (30-400ng/ml) | |||
| Hyperferritinemia (%) | 66.7 | 33.3 | 0.000 |
| (>400ng/ml) | |||
| Ferritin ULN | 2.91 (1.24-5.60) | 0.54 (0.22-1.03) | 0.000 |
| LDH (U/L) | 278 (186-398) | 212 (172-271) | 0.032 |
| (135-225U/L) | |||
| CRP (mg/L) | 27.4 (6.08-77.09) | 1.71 (0.47-5.79) | 0.000 |
| (0-5mg/L) | |||
| CRP ULN | 5.48 (1.21-15.42) | 0.34 (0.09-1.14) | 0.000 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 0.12 (0.06-0.29) | 0.03 (0.02-0.04) | 0.000 |
| (0.01-0.50ng/ml) | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.4 (5.5-7.1) | 5.3 (5.0-6.0) | 0.012 |
| (<5.7% normal) | |||
| CSS Category 2 or less | 57.7 | 95 | < 0.001 |
| CSS category > 2 | 42.3 | 5 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (q25-q75), as appropriate.
- Nil (None of the patients with mild disease had hypokalemia).
The CSS (Scoring system of COVID-19) is a severity score developed and validated for patients with COVID-19. It includes variables like age, coronary heart disease, lymphocytes <8%, procalcitonin >0.15ng/ml, and D-Dimer >0.5µg/ml, with a cut-off exceeding 2 as associated with poor prognosis.
ALC, Absolute lymphocyte count; ALT, Alanine transaminase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; ANC, Absolute neutrophil count; AST, Aspartate transaminase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C- reactive protein; CSS, Scoring system of COVID-19; K, Potassium; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; Na, Sodium; NLR, Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; PLR, Platelet lymphocyte ratio; TLC, Total leucocyte count; ULN, Upper limit of normal.
The bold values refer to the parameters that were significantly different between both groups.