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. 2021 Jul 2;12:681647. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.681647

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Copyright © 2021 Wong, Chen, He, Lin, Bian and Wong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of food intake on SPX released into circulation and SPX gene expression at tissue level in mice. After acclimation to inverted photoperiod, one group of the mice was maintained under the scheduled feeding plan (as the “fed” group) while the other group did not receive the supply of chow pellets (as the “unfed” group). Serum samples and target tissues were harvested at the time points as indicated (with light off at 10:00 am as time “zero”). Time course of food intake on SPX released into circulation was examined by measuring SPX levels in serum samples using SPX ELISA (A). The corresponding effects of food intake on SPX mRNA expression in target tissues, including the liver, pancreas, forestomach and pituitary, was quantitated by real-time PCR (B). In selected tissues, including the hypothalamus (C), omental fat (D) and glandular stomach (E), besides SPX mRNA, parallel expression of NPY, leptin and ghrelin transcript levels in the respective tissues were also monitored to serve as positive control. For the data presented, the groups denoted by different letters represent a significant difference at p < 0.05.