Table 3.
Echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular structure and function in the study population.
| Controls (n = 56) | Gestational hypertension (n = 55) | Preeclampsia (n = 50) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LV parameters | ||||
| LVEDD (mm) | 46 ± 4 | 47 ± 4 | 48 ± 3b | 0.024 |
| LVESD (mm) | 26 ± 3 | 30 ± 4a | 31 ± 4b | <0.001 |
| IVS (mm) | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 8.2 ± 1.1a | 8.4 ± 1.2b | <0.001 |
| RWT | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.04a | 0.35 ± 0.03b | <0.001 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 63 ± 7 | 77 ± 12a | 74 ± 11b | <0.001 |
| EF (%) | 62 ± 3 | 61 ± 3 | 61 ± 4 | 0.198 |
| E/A ratio | 1.20 ± 0.15 | 1.11 ± 0.17a | 1.06 ± 0.13b | <0.001 |
| E/e′m ratio | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 2.3 | <0.001** |
| RV parameters | ||||
| RV basal diameter (mm) | 23 ± 2 | 27 ± 3a | 28 ± 3b | <0.001 |
| RV thickness (mm) | 3 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 0.268 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 24 ± 2 | 24 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 0.096 |
| FAC (%) | 52 ± 3 | 50 ± 4a | 49 ± 4b | <0.001 |
| RAVI (ml/m2) | 17 ± 3 | 20 ± 4a | 22 ± 4b | <0.001 |
| E/e′t ratio | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | <0.001* |
| st (cm/s) | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 2 | 0.089 |
| PAP (mmHg) | 23 ± 3 | 27 ± 4 | 30 ± 4 | <0.001** |
| Right ventricular strain parameters | ||||
| Global longitudinal strain (%) | ||||
| Global RV | −24.5 ± 3.3 | −22.1 ± 2.8 | −20.6 ± 2.5 | <0.001* |
| Free wall RV strain (%) | −26.3 ± 4.2 | −24.4 ± 3.9 | −22.5 ± 3.5 | <0.001* |
| Layer-specific longitudinal strain for global RV (%) | ||||
| Endocardial | −26.1 ± 3.9 | −24.3 ± 3.2 | −22.1 ± 3.0 | <0.001* |
| Epicardial | −22.8 ± 3.1 | −19.9 ± 2.5a | −19.0 ± 2.1b | <0.001 |
| Layer-specific longitudinal strain for free wall RV (%) | ||||
| Endocardial | −28.6 ± 4.3 | −26.6 ± 4.1 | −24.4 ± 3.9 | <0.001* |
| Epicardial | −24.0 ± 3.4 | −22.4 ± 3.1 | −20.8 ± 2.7 | <0.001* |
A late diastolic mitral flow (pulse Doppler), E early diastolic mitral flow (pulse Doppler), e′m average value of early diastolic flow velocities across the septal and lateral segments of mitral (e′) annulus obtained by tissue Doppler, e′t value of early diastolic flow velocities across the lateral segment of tricuspid (e′) annulus obtained by tissue Doppler, EF ejection fraction, FAC fractional area change, IVS interventricular septum, LVMI left ventricular mass index, LVEDD-left ventricle end-diastolic dimension, LVESD-left ventricle end-systolic dimension, PAP pulmonary arterial pressure, RAVI right atrial volume index, RV right ventricle, RWT-relative wall thickness, s′ value of systolic flow across the lateral segment of tricuspid annulus, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
*p < 0.01 for all comparisons.
**p < 0.01 for all comparisons.
ap < 0.01 for controls vs. gestational hypertension.
bp < 0.01 for controls vs. preeclampsia.