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. 2021 Jul 16;203:111678. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111678

Table 2.

Characteristics of countries having high or low performance of the Index r of resilience (Ir) to cope with COVID-19 pandemic crisis.

High performer countries
Low performer countries
Mean SEM Mean SEM
Population, 2020 11 076 950.07 5 675 712.46 21 896 822.65 5 771 943.33
Health Expenditure % GDP, 2018 8.64 0.55 8.27 0.42
Health Expenditure (PPS) per inhabitant, € 2018 3 284.75 325.67 2 289.30 215.05
Government Effectiveness Index, 2020 1.48 0.12 0.85 0.12
Regulatory Quality Index, 2020 1.49 0.10 1.04 0.09
Rule of Law Index, 2020 1.52 0.14 0.89 0.13
Days of lockdown, 2020–2021 51.36 13.23 68.41 14.64

Note: Expenditure Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant 2018; SEM = St. Error of Mean.