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. 2021 Jul 2;12:632482. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632482

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Copyright © 2021 Li, Lu, Li, Wu, Luo, Qiu, Guo, Xia, Zheng, Su, Zeng, Chan, Su, Cai, Xu, Chen, Wang, Poon and Luo

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microbial community differences between PD patients and control subjects. (A, B) Box plots describe differences in the microbiome diversity indices between PD and control groups according to the Shannon and inverse Simpson diversity indexes based on OTU levels. Each box plot represents the median, interquartile range, minimum, and maximum values. (C) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of samples from PD group and HC group. Ordination based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity calculated with genus-level data. Each dot represents one sample, the closer the dots are to one another, the more similar the microbiome compositions of these samples. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. PD, Parkinson’s disease; SP, spouse of PD patients; NG, normal group; HC, healthy control; OTU, operational taxonomic unit.