Table 4.

Summary of studies included assessing maternal and child health outcomes

Author and year	Country	Study period	Description of community-based intervention			Study methods			Statistically significant outcome(s)*
			Type of persons used to implement intervention(s)	Intervention implementation strategy	Intervention	Outcome(s) measured	Measurement of effect (study design)	Was there a comparison with only clinic-based care?
Aliyu et al, 2016 [47]	Nigeria	2013-2014	Peer male champions; trained midwives	Peer-to-peer education; community mobilization; male partner involvement in PMTCT care	Task-shifting to trained midwives, point-of-care CD4 count testing, integrated care (at facility level); male partner and community engagement (at community level)	% of HIV-infected women initiating ART	Cluster-randomized trial comparing intervention and standard of care (control) group	Yes	Mothers more likely to initiate ART while pregnant
						% of women and infants retained on ART at 6 weeks post-partum			Mothers and their infants more likely to remain on treatment
						Incidence of HIV in HIV-exposed infants			Infants had lower Incidence of HIV infection
Mushamiri et al, 2015[48]	Kenya	2010-2013	CHWs	mHealth; follow-up care; home-based care	Use of a CHW-centered mHealth tool to track women for ANC and PNC appointments for PMTCT	% women attending 4 or more ANC appointments	Retrospective cohort study comparing intervention with non-intervention (control) group	Yes	More women attended 4 or more ANC visits
						% women attending 6 or more post-partum baby follow-up visits			More women made 6 or more post-partum baby follow-up visits
						% vertical HIV transmission rate			Fewer HIV+ women vertically transmitted HIV to their babies
Rotheram-Borus et al, 2014 [49]	South Africa	2009-2010	CHWs	Integrated care; comprehensive care; home-based care	Home-visiting program by CHWs trained as generalists to provide maternal and child health and PMTCT support	% mother-infant pairs scoring high on overall health on 32 measures pertaining to HIV-related prevention, child health, health care, depressive symptoms and social networks	Cluster-randomized trial comparing intervention and standard of care (control) group	Yes	Mother-infant pairs had better overall health
						% mothers using condoms during sexual encounters			More mothers used condoms during sexual encounters
						% infants not undernourished according to weight-for-age measures			More infants were not undernourished according to weight-for-age measures
						% mothers exclusively breastfeeding for 6 mo			More mothers breastfed exclusively
						% mothers breastfeeding for longer			Mothers breastfed for longer
						% infants who did not have low birth weight			More infants did not have low birth weight
						% infants with normal growth according to measurers of head-circumference-for-age at 6 mo			More infants had normal growth according to measurers of head-circumference-for-age
						% infants with improved cognitive development at 18 mo			More infants had improved cognitive development
Tomlinson et al, 2014 [50]	South Africa	2008-2010	CHWs	Psychosocial support; home-based care; integrated care; health promotion	Integrated home-based package for maternal and child health and PMTCT	% mothers exclusively breastfeeding	Cluster-randomized trial comparing intervention and control group	Yes	More mothers breastfed exclusively
						% infants with increased weight-for-age			More infants had increased weight-for-age
						% infants with increased length-for-age			More infants had increased length-for-age
						% women taking infants to clinic during 1st week of life			More women took infants to clinic during 1st week
						% women making preparations for birth			More women made preparations for birth
						% women with knowledge of newborn danger signs			More women knew newborn danger signs

ANC – antenatal care, ART – antiretroviral therapy, PMTCT – prevention of mother-to-child transmission (of HIV), PNC – post-natal care, BMI – body mass index, IYCF – infant and young child feeding, WASH – water, sanitation, and hygiene, POC – point-of-care, CHW – community health worker, CHEW – community health extension worker, HEW – health extension worker, CHC – community health committee, TBA – traditional birth attendant, ZDV – zidovudine, NVP – nevirapine, CTX – cotrimoxazole

*5% significance level.