TABLE 2.
Associations of underlying health conditions, suspected COVID-19 symptoms, health-related behavior changes, and preventive behaviors with depression, and anxiety using logistic regression models, Vietnam, 2020.
| Variable | Depression (PHQ ≥ 10) | Anxiety (GAD ≥ 8) a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Underlying health conditions | ||||||||
| Non-UHC | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| UHC | 3.94 (3.44, 4.51) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.81, 2.46) | <0.001 | 4.94 (4.18, 5.83) | <0.001 | 2.86 (2.37, 3.46) | <0.001 |
| S-COVID-19-S | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 4.14 (3.60, 4.75) | <0.001 | 2.84 (2.45, 3.29) | <0.001 | 4.41 (3.71, 5.24) | <0.001 | 2.92 (2.42, 3.52) | <0.001 |
| Smoking tobacco | ||||||||
| Never, stopped, or smoke less | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Unchanged or smoke more | 0.98 (0.78, 1.23) | 0.867 | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 0.550 | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) | 0.643 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.42) | 0.895 |
| Drinking alcohol | ||||||||
| Never, stopped, or drink less | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Unchanged or drink more | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 0.680 | 1.19 (0.98, 1.45) | 0.081 | 1.57 (1.19, 2.07) | 0.001 | 1.99 (1.45, 2.72) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Never, stopped, or exercise less | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Unchanged or exercise more | 0.33 (0.28, 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.45, 0.61) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.30, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.39, 0.59) | <0.001 |
| Eating behavior | ||||||||
| Less healthy | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| Unchanged or healthier | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.17, 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.10, 0.16) | <0.001 | 0.20 (0.15, 0.26) | <0.001 |
| Preventive behaviors b | ||||||||
| Low PB score (<9.0) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| High PB score (≥9.0) | 0.25 (0.21, 0.29) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.30, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.20 (0.17, 0.24) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.23, 0.34) | <0.001 |
PHQ, patient health questionnaire; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; UHC, underlying health conditions; S-COVID-19-S, suspected corona virus disease-2019 symptoms; PB, preventive behaviors; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Model 1 Association of UHC, S-COVID-19-S, health-related behavior changes, PB with depression, and anxiety.
Model 2 The model 1 was adjusted for age (for both outcomes), gender (for both outcomes), occupation (for both outcomes), ability to pay for treatments (for depression only), lockdown measure (for both outcomes), and social status (for both outcomes) (Supplementary Tables S1–S3 in Supplementary File).
Independent variables were analyzed separately in different models. Full models for UHC, S-COVID-19-S, smoking, drinking alcohol, physical activity, eating behavior, and PB are presented in Supplementary Tables S4–S10 in Supplementary File, respectively.
Anxiety was analyzed on the sample of 4,348 participants.
Participants was asked how often they followed preventive behaviors, including washing hands, wearing masks, and physical distancing, during the pandemic. PB was analyzed on the sample of 4,348 participants with two outcomes (depression and anxiety).