TABLE 4.
Interactions of underlying health conditions with health-related behavior changes on depression, and anxiety, Vietnam, 2020.
| Interaction | Depression (PHQ ≥10) | Anxiety (GAD ≥8) a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Interaction of comorbidity with drinking alcohol | ||||||||
| Non-UHC × never, stopped, or drink less | — | — | — | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| UHC × never, stopped, or drink less | — | — | — | — | 5.71 (4.77, 6.83) | <0.001 | 3.31 (2.71, 4.05) | <0.001 |
| Non-UHC × unchanged or drink more | — | — | — | — | 3.05 (2.21, 4.21) | <0.001 | 3.26 (2.28, 4.65) | <0.001 |
| UHC × unchanged or drink more | — | — | — | — | 0.25 (0.12, 0.48) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.16, 0.69) | 0.003 |
| Interaction of comorbidity with physical activity | ||||||||
| Non-UHC × never, stopped, or exercise less | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| UHC × never, stopped, or exercise less | 5.26 (4.34, 6.39) | <0.001 | 3.03 (2.45, 3.74) | <0.001 | 6.08 (4.96, 7.46) | <0.001 | 3.46 (2.76, 4.35) | <0.001 |
| Non-UHC × unchanged or exercise more | 0.58 (0.48, 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.64, 0.94) | 0.010 | 0.68 (0.53, 0.86) | 0.002 | 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) | 0.027 |
| UHC × unchanged or exercise more | 0.36 (0.27, 0.48) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.30, 0.56) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.23, 0.50) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.28, 0.64) | <0.001 |
| Interaction of comorbidity with eating behavior | ||||||||
| Non-UHC × less healthy | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
| UHC × less healthy | 10.92 (6.79, 17.56) | <0.001 | 4.27 (2.57, 7.08) | <0.001 | 16.97 (9.78, 29.45) | <0.001 | 6.27 (3.46, 11.35) | <0.001 |
| Non-UHC × unchanged or healthier | 0.30 (0.21, 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.25, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.23, 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.23, 0.56) | <0.001 |
| UHC × unchanged or healthier | 0.28 (0.17, 0.45) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.25, 0.72) | 0.001 | 0.21 (0.12, 0.38) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.20, 0.68) | 0.002 |
PHQ, patient health questionnaire; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; UHC, underlying health conditions.
Model 1 Simple logistic regression to test the main effect of UHC, the main effect of health-related behavior changes, and the interaction of UHC with health-related behavior changes on anxiety and depression.
Model 2 The model 1 was adjusted for age (for both outcomes), gender (for both outcomes), occupation (for both outcomes), ability to pay for treatments (for depression only), lockdown measure (for both outcomes), and social status (for both outcomes) (Supplementary Tables S1–S3 in Supplementary File).
Full models for drinking alcohol, physical activity, and eating behaviors are presented in Supplementary Tables S12–S14 in Supplementary File.
Anxiety was analyzed on the sample of 4,348 participants.