Fig. 4.

The possible ways of transmission of viruses. Viruses are present around in the environment as inactive microbes where the life cycle of viruses begins after entering the living body. Wild animals are reservoir hosts for many emerging viruses, and bovines play an important role in the spread of viruses from wildlife to a human directly or indirectly. Furthermore, the air, water, and food are other routes of transmission of viruses besides the anthropogenic activities leading to pathogen spillover. Vaccination of farm animals, including bovines, is the strategy for improving animal health and protecting human health, and medicines are valuable and urgent against diseases that do not possess vaccines until now