Table 2.

Effector Molecules Produced by Murine and Human Reactive Astrocytes^a

Functional category	Effector molecule (e.g., upregulated, secreted)	Refs
Antimicrobial	ISGs, β-defensins	[37,39]
Cytokines	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, TGF-β	[71]
Chemokines	CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL10	[71]
Complement cascade components	C3, CFB	[12]
Cell proliferation/growth factors	VEGFA, VEGFB, FGF, BMP1, NGF, BDNF, PDGFD	[130]
Extracellular matrix	CCN family, MMPs, Tenascin-C, ADAMTS-4, TIMP1	[131]
Intermediate filaments	GFAP, nestin, vimentin, synemin	[132]
Neurotransmitters	Glutamate, ROS, ATP	[133,134]

^aAbbreviations: ADAMTS-4, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMP1, bone morphogenetic protein 1; C3, complement component 3; CCN, connective tissue growth factor, cysteine-rich protein, nephroblastoma overexpressed gene; CFB, complement factor B; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; NGF, nerve growth factor; PDGFD, platelet-derived growth factor D; TIMP1, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1.