Table.
Associations of Smoking and E-cigarette use with CV Biomarkers among Adult Respondents in the PATH study Wave 1, 2013–2014*
| Compared with non-use | Compared with exclusive smoking | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicators | Non-use N(%) 2191 (58.6) |
Exclusive e-Cigarette Use N(%) 261 (1.9) |
Exclusive Smoking N(%) 3261 (29.6) |
Dual Use N(%) 1417 (9.9) |
Exclusive e-Cigarette Use | Dual Use |
| hsCRP (n=7130) | ||||||
| Adjusted geometric mean† | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | ||
| Age-, sex-, race/ethnicity-adjusted GMR (95% CI)‡ | Ref. | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 1.26 (1.11–1.41) | 1.26 (1.11–1.44) | 0.92 (0.71–0.90) | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) |
| Multivariable adjusted GMR (95% CI)§ | Ref. | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 0.91 (0.79–1.07) | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) |
| IL-6 (n=6915) | ||||||
| Adjusted geometric mean† | 1.4 (1.3–1.4) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | 1.6 (1.6–1.7) | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | ||
| Age-, sex-, race/ethnicity-adjusted GMR (95% CI)‡ | Ref. | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.28 (1.20–1.37) | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) | 0.86 (0.73–0.83) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) |
| Multivariable adjusted GMR (95% CI)§ | Ref. | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) |
| sICAM (n=7021) | ||||||
| Adjusted geometric mean† | 211.3 (205.7–216.9) | 231.0 (218.9–243.2) | 268.0 (260.5–275.3) | 261.3 (253.2–269.3) | ||
| Age-, sex-, race/ethnicity-adjusted GMR (95% CI)‡ | Ref. | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1.29 (1.24–1.34) | 1.25 (1.21–1.30) | 0.85 (0.75–0.81) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
| Multivariable adjusted GMR (95% CI)§ | Ref. | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 1.19 (1.15–1.24) | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) |
| Fibrinogen (n=6877) | ||||||
| Adjusted geometric mean† | 311.7 (306.2–317.1) | 315.6 (304.7–326.6) | 331.2 (325.9–336.5) | 327.2 (319.6–334.8) | ||
| Age-, sex-, race/ethnicity-adjusted GMR (95% CI)‡ | Ref. | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) |
| Multivariable adjusted GMR (95% CI)§ | Ref. | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) |
| Urinary 8-isoprostane (n=7076) | ||||||
| Adjusted geometric mean† | 401.0 (380.2–421.4) | 418.2 (366.4–470.0) | 514.9 (489.1–540.7) | 519.2 (485.6–552.8) | ||
| Age-, sex-, race/ethnicity-adjusted GMR (95% CI)‡ | Ref. | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.41 (1.31–1.51) | 1.41 (1.31–1.53) | 0.78 (0.66–0.76) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) |
| Multivariable adjusted GMR (95% CI)§ | Ref. | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.24 (1.15–1.34) | 1.26 (1.15–1.37) | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) |
Abbreviations: hsCRP, high sensitivity c-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; ICAM, intercellular; adhesion molecule; GMR, geometric mean ratio
Coefficients significant at two-sided p-value <0.05 level were bolded. All models weighted using W1 blood sample weights.
Adjusted geometric means were derived from exponentiating predicted margins holding all covariates in the multivariable models at means.
Adjusted for age (categorical), sex (male/female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic other)
Multivariable models additionally adjusted for education (less than high school, high school, some college, bachelor or above), poverty status (<100% of poverty level, 100–199% of poverty level, ≥200% of poverty level),diabetes (yes, no), heart attack (yes, no), heart failure (yes, no), stroke (yes, no), use of other tobacco products including traditional cigar, filtered cigar, cigarillo, pipe, hookah, snus, dissolvable, smokeless (never, former, current), marijuana/blunt (never, former, current), recreational drug use (never, former, current), prescription drug use (never, former, current), secondhand smoke exposure at home and/or at work (yes, no), body mass index (underweight, normal, overweight, obese), pack-year of cigarette smoking and its squared term.