TABLE 1.
Maternal and child characteristics of the 5-year cohort (n = 32 934) according to paracetamol exposure during pregnancy
| No use of paracetamol during pregnancy (n = 17 808) | Paracetamol use in one trimester (n = 8374) | Paracetamol use in two trimesters (n = 4961) | Paracetamol use in three trimesters (n = 1791) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Mean age at time of delivery, years (SD) | 30.8 (4.4) | 30.4 (4.3) | 30.5 (4.3) | 30.8 (4.3) |
| Married/cohabiting, n (%) | 17 215 (96.7) | 8104 (96.8) | 4807 (96.9) | 1748 (97.6) |
| Primiparous, n (%) | 9113 (51.2) | 4072 (48.6) | 2130 (42.9) | 638 (35.6) |
| University/college education, n (%) | 13 738 (77.2) | 6385 (76.3) | 3772 (76.0) | 1348 (75.3) |
| Mean pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 23.5 (3.9) | 23.9 (4.1) | 24.4 (4.3) | 24.9 (4.7) |
| Folic acid supplement, n (%) | 15 190 (85.3) | 7216 (86.2) | 4346 (87.6) | 1588 (88.7) |
| Symptoms of anxiety/depressiona, z score (SD) | −0.09 (0.8) | −0.01 (0.9) | 0.04 (0.9) | 0.18 (1.0) |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
| No | 14 726 (82.7) | 6632 (79.2) | 3931 (79.2) | 1414 (79.0) |
| Yes | 680 (3.8) | 412 (4.9) | 266 (5.4) | 85 (4.8) |
| Stopped | 2402 (13.5) | 1330 (15.9) | 764 (15.4) | 292 (16.2) |
| Alcohol intake during pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
| No or minimal | 15 789 (88.7) | 7305 (87.2) | 4357 (87.8) | 1526 (85.2) |
| Low to moderate | 1851 (10.4) | 972 (11.6) | 568 (11.5) | 239 (13.3) |
| Frequent | 168 (0.9) | 97 (1.2) | 36 (0.7) | 26 (1.5) |
| Health conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Headache or migraine | 3257 (18.3) | 3202 (38.2) | 3137 (68.2) | 1399 (78.1) |
| Painb | 11 093 (62.3) | 5908 (70.6) | 3719 (75.0) | 1451 (81.0) |
| Fever or infections | 4244 (23.8) | 3535 (42.2) | 2182 (44.0) | 806 (45.0) |
| Co-medications, n (%) | ||||
| NSAIDs (M01A, N02BA) | 629 (3.5) | 680 (8.1) | 558 (11.3) | 322 (18.0) |
| Opioids (N02A) | 14 (0.1) | 20 (0.2) | 15 (0.3) | 13 (0.7) |
| Psychotropic drugsc | 371 (2.1) | 220 (2.6) | 152 (3.1) | 78 (4.4) |
| Triptans (N02CC) | 66 (0.4) | 64 (0.8) | (100 (2.0) | 61 (3.4) |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Boy, n (%) | 9198 (51.7) | 4208 (50.3) | 2523 (50.9) | 861 (48.1) |
| Pretermd (<37 weeks), n (%) | 753 (4.3) | 377 (4.5) | 210 (4.3) | 69 (3.9) |
| Low birthweightd (<2500 g), n (%) | 402 (2.3) | 225 (2.7) | 139 (2.8) | 32 (1.8) |
| Malformationsd, n (%) | 881 (5.0) | 385 (4.6) | 245 (4.9) | 86 (4.8) |
a
Measured by a short version of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (SCL-5) in Q1 and Q3.
b
Includes back pain, neck and shoulder pain, pelvic girdle pain, and other pains in muscle/joints.
c
Psychotropic drugs were further divided into the following groups in the statistical analyses: antidepressants (N06A), antipsychotics (N05A), antiepileptics (N03A), stimulants (N06BA), benzodiazepines (N05BA, N05CD), and benzodiazepine-like drugs (N05CF).
d
Not included in IPT weighting based on DAG.