(A) Experimental design in organotypic hippocampal slices. (B) Schematic of Rac1 sensor. Activation of Rac1 leads to its association with the GTPase-binding domain of Pak2R71C,S78A (PBD2), increasing FRET between GFP and mCherry. This is measured as a decrease in fluorescence lifetime, or an increase in binding fraction. (C) Representative 2pFLIM images of a bouton before and after stimulation for 2 s at 50 Hz. Scale bar, 1 μm. (D) Mean time course of the change in binding fraction of the Rac1 sensor in aCSF (cyan, n=15 boutons/5 slices) with (E) quantification; one-way repeated measures ANOVA (F6,84=3.89, p=0.0018) with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test vs the baseline (−30–0 s): 0–30 s (p=0.0005), 30–60 s (p=0.0102), 60–90 s (p=0.0142), 90–120 s (p=0.2881), 120–150 s (p=0.6807). (F) Mean time course of Rac1 sensor in TTX (black, n=12/4) with (G) quantification; one-way repeated measures ANOVA (F6,66=0.8539, p=0.5334) with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test vs the baseline (−30–0 s): 0–30 s (p=0.9930), 30–60 s (p=0.9839), 60–90 s (p=0.6430), 90–120 s (p=0.7654), 120–150 s (p=0.6548). (H) Mean time course of Rac1 sensor in Cd2+ (green, n=13/4) with (I) quantification; one-way repeated measures ANOVA (F6,72=0.2728, p=0.9479) with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test vs the baseline (−30–0 s): 0–30 s (p>0.9999), 30–60 s (p=0.9996), 60–90 s (p=0.9996), 90–120 s (p=0.9997), 120–150 s (p=0.8896). All data are mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, n.s. not significant.