Table 3.
Precautionary measures taken by dentists who continued to provide face to face clinical care after the outbreak of COVID-19. Countries were ranked by the COVID-19 positive rate by country. In Fig. 2 the COVID-19 positive rate by country and Dentists positive rates are reported.
| Before the arrival of the patients | In the operating room | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Gross national income | Face-face activity | Phone triage | Appointment numbers reduced | Patients’ health status | Surface disinfection | Eye protection equipment |
N95/FFP2 mask |
TNT disposal gown |
|
| 70% ethyl alcohol | 0.5% sodium hypochlorite | |||||||||
| range | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Egypt | <5,000 | 679 (73.40) | 427 (62.88) | 410 (60.38) | 245 (36.08) | 599 (88.22) | 234 (34.46) | 78 (11.49) | 431 (63.48) | 48 (7.07) |
| El Salvador | <5,000 | 351 (64.64) | 169 (48.15) | 231 (65.81) | 283 (80.63) | 230 (65.53) | 229 (65.24) | 329 (60.58) * | 347 (98.86) | – |
| Georgia | <5,000 | 311 (98.11) | 212 (68.17) | 209 (67.20) | 196 (63.02) | 221 (71.06) | 130 (13.53) | 167 (53.70) | 216 (69.45) | 125 (40.19) |
| India | <5,000 | 3025 (92.65) | 1213 (40.10) | 1021 (33.75) | 1457 (48.17) | 2976 (98.38) | 1851 (61.19) | 1687 (55.77) | 1368 (45.22) | 2562 (84.69) |
| Nigeria | <5,000 | 399 (91.10) | 50 (12.53) | 135 (33.83) | 105 (26.32) | 89 (22.31) | 83 (20.80) | 155 (38.85)* | 120 (30.08) | 63 (15.79) |
| Pakistanc | <5,000 | 272 (64.00) | 222 (81.62) | 52 (19.12) | – | 155 (56.99) | 73 (26.84) | 45 (16.54) | 196 (72.06) | 53 (19.49) |
| Tunisia | <5,000 | 745 (85.53) | 466 (62.55) | 588 (78.93) | 595 (79.87) | 277 (37.18) | 448 (60.13) | 720 (96.64) | 570 (76.51) | – |
| Venezuela | <5,000 | 567 (88.87) | 438 (77.25) | 443 (78.13) | 489 (86.24) | 416 (73.37) | 359 (63.32) | 369 (65.08) | 295 (52.03) | 184 (32.45) |
| Albania | 5,000/<10,000 | 206 (100.00) | 21 (10.19) | 22 (10.67) | 22 (10.68) | 22 (10.68) | 11 (5.34) | 27 (13.11) | 22 (10.68) | 10 (4.85) |
| Argentina | 5,000/<10,000 | 836 (58.79) | 434 (51.91) | 502 (60.05) | 472 (56.46) | 405 (48.44) | 399 (47.73) | 557 (66.63)* | 375 (44.86) | 239 (28.59)§ |
| Bosnia | 5,000/<10,000 | 213 (100.00) | 122 (57.28) | 79 (37.09) | 86 (40.38) | 84 (39.44) | 34 (15.96) | 128 (60.09) | 66 (30.99) | 34 (15.96) |
| Brazil | 5,000/<10,000 | 1270 (69.13) | 684 (53.86) | 1110 (87.14) | 1059 (83.39) | 1152 (90.71) | 462 (36.38) | 127 (100.00) | 1270 (100.00) | 696 (54.80) |
| Colombia | 5,000/<10,000 | 5030 (95.58) | 4137 (97.41) | 4064 (95.69) | 4064 (95.69) | 2929 (68.97) | 2329 (54.84) | 4123 (97.08) | 5030 (100.00) | 1535 (36.14) |
| Macedonia | 5,000/<10,000 | 22 (91.67) | 6 (27.27) | 2 (9.09) | 2 (9.09) | 2 (9.09) | – | 7 (31.82) | 5 (22.73) | 3 (13.64) |
| Montenegro | 5,000/<10,000 | 110 (100.00) | 47 (42.73) | 50 (45.45) | 49 (44.55) | 52(47.27) | 25 (22.73) | 36 (32.73) | 11 (10.00) | 6 (5.45) |
| Peru | 5,000/<10,000 | 1229 (69.87) | 1055 (59.97) | 1337 (76.00) | 1245 (70.77) | 1041 (59.18) | 1028 (58.44) | 1229 (100.00)* | 1229 (100.00) | 1218 (69.24)§ |
| Serbia | 5,000/<10,000 | 742 (50.82) | 553 (74.53) | 652 (87.87) | 665 (89.62) | 725 (97.71) | 363 (48.92) | 742 (100.00) | 284 (38.27) | 76 (10.24) |
| Chile | 10,000 / <20,000 | 1589 (68.88) | 921 (57.96) | 1241 (78.10) | 725 (45.63) | 1086 (68.34) | 573 (36.06) | 1455 (91.57) | 1291 (81.25) | 280 (17.62) |
| Chinab | 10,000 / <20,000 | 269 (14.64) | 128 (47.58) | 196 (72.86) | 214 (79.5) | 175 (65.06) | 88 (32.71) | 230 (85.50) | 230 (85.50) | 117 (43.49) |
| Cyprus | 20,000 / 35,000 | 170 (96.59) | 77 (45.29) | 66 (38.82) | 74 (43.53) | 59 (34.71) | 11 (6.47) | 74 (43.53) | 57 (33.53) | 37 (21.76) |
| Greece | 20,000 / 35,000 | 24 (100.00) | 19 (41.30) | 25 (54.35) | 19 (41.30) | 16 (34.78) | 3 (6.52) | 22 (47.83) | 14 (30.43) | 11 (23.91) |
| Italy | 20,000 / 35,000 | 7521 (90.79) | 4226 (56.19) | 3810 (50.66) | 7452 (99.08) | 5164 (68.66) | 808 (10.74) | 2552 (33.93) | 6562 (87.25) | 940 (12.50) |
| Lithuania | 10,000 / <20,000 | 71 (34.80) | – | 14 (19.72) | 19 (26.76) | 11 (15.49) | 1 (1.41) | 176 (86.70) | 100 (49.26) | 160 (78.82) |
| Malaysia | 10,000 / <20,000 | 2183 (75.17) | 483 (22.13) | 1342 (61.48) | 1383 (63.35) | 1110 (50.85) | 284 (13.01) | 548 (25.10) | 952 (43.61) | 1280 (58.63) |
| Romania | 10,000 / <20,000 | 1016 (96.67) | 51 (5.02) | 46 (4.53) | 44 (4.33) | 33 (3.25) | 21 (2.07) | 58 (5.71) | 45 (4.43) | 13 (1.28) |
| Russia | 10,000/<20,000 | 946 (93.57) | 118 (12.47) | 561 (59.30) | 620 (65.54) | 335 (35.41) | 116 (12.26) | 793 (83.83) | 312 (32.98) | 91 (9.62) |
| Saudi Arabia | 20,000 / 35,000 | 458 (53.44) | 237 (51.75) | 325 (70.96) | 337 (73.58) | 275 (60.04) | 105 (22.93) | 196 (42.79) | 369 (80.57) | 231 (50.44) |
| Spain | 20,000 / 35,000 | 918 (28.53) | 747 (81.37) | 808 (88.02) | 758 (82.57) | 376 (40.96) | 545 (59.37) | 870 (94.77) | 805 (87.69) | 231 (25.16) |
| Australia | >35,000 | 718 (88.10) | 506 (70.47) | 448 (62.40) | 631 (87.88) | 525 (73.12) | 152 (21.17) | 243 (33.84) | 191 (26.60) | 86 (11.98) |
| Belgium | >35,000 | 732 (93.61) | 596 (81.42) | 567 (77.46) | 573 (78.28) | 523 (71.45) | 116 (15.85) | 429 (58.61) | 570 (77.87) | 106 (14.48) |
| Germany | >35,000 | 2510 (70.86) | 2463 (98.13) | 2485 (99.00) | 2023 (80.60) | 2414 (96.18) | 2460 (98.01) | 175 (6.97) | 2319 (92.39) | 841 (33.51) |
| Netherlands | >35,000 | 360 (82.26) | 359 (99.72) | 263 (73.06) | __ | 277 (76.94) | 31 (8.61) | 353 (94.89) | 59 (16.39) | 27 (7.50) |
| Singapore | >35,000 | 315 (88.73) | 149 (47.30) | 141 (44.76) | 311 (98.73) | 275 (87.30) | 19 (6.05) | 145 (46.03)** | 177 (56.19) | 263 (83.49)** |
| Switzerland | >35,000 | 1243 (93.88) | 1085 (87.29) | 1083 (87.13) | 1171 (94.21) | 231 (18.58) | 13 (1.05) | 1154 (92.84) | 696 (55.99) | 57 (4.59) |
| UK | >35,000 | 4264 (91.96) | 2233 (52.37) | 2146 (50.33) | 2404 (56.38) | 1337 (31.36) | 1055 (24.74) | 1553 (36.42) | 262 (6.14) | 120 (2.81) |
| USAa | >35,000 | 462 (82.21) | 361 (78.14) | 387 (83.77) | 451 (97.62) | 155 (33.55) | 58 (12.55) | 84 (18.18) | 48 (10.39) | 106 (22.94) |
| p-value | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
aUSA/California; bChina/Hubei; cPakistan/Lahore; *safety glasses or visor; ⁎⁎Reserve for aerosol generating procedures; § Water-repellent gown or disposable sterile microfiber gown; ° Rotating instrument;