Table 1.

Effect of vaccines with delivery systems against pulmonary infectious diseases.

Pathogenic bacteria	Delivery system	Antigen(s)	Adjuvants used	Route	Animal species	Protection after challenge	Ref.
S. pneumoniae	cCHP Nanogel	PspA	—	i.n.	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[12]
	Hybrid biological-biomaterial vector (PBAE and bacterial core)	PspA or PspAb	—	s.c.	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[13]
	Liposomes	Polysaccharide (Serotypes 3)	—	i.n.	Mice	No results	[14]
	LEPS	PncO, GlpO, and polysaccharide (Serotypes 19F, 11A, and 35C)	—	s.c.	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[15]
	Chitosan	PsaA	—	i.n.	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[16]
	Chitosan	PsaA (DNA)	—	i.n.	Mice	Decreased bacterial colonization in nasopharynx	[17]
	Polyanhydride nanoparticles	PspA	—	s.c.	Mice	No results	[18]
	PLA microparticles	PspA	—	i.m.	Mice	No results	[19]
	NP/NCMP	PspA4Pro	—	PM	Mice	67% of animals surviving	[20]
	L. lactis, L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. helveticus	PsaA (Surface)b	—	i.n.	Mice	Decreased bacterial colonization in the nasal mucosa	[21]
	L. casei	PspAb	—	i.n.	Mice	33% of animals surviving	[22]
	L. casei	PspA5 (Cytoplasm)b or PspC (Cytoplasm)b	—		Mice	PspA5: 40% of animals surviving; PspC: 20% of animals surviving	[23]
	L. casei	PspC (Surface or Cytoplasm)b	—	i.n.	Mice	Decreased bacterial colonization in the nasopharynx	[24]
	L. lactis	PspAb	—	i.n.	Mice	40% of animals surviving	[25]
	L. lactis	PppAb	—	i.n.	Mice	60% of adults and 70% of young mice surviving	[26]
	L. lactis (GEM) or live L. lactis	PppA or PppAb	—	i.n. or oral	Mice	Decreased bacterial number in the lungs and blood	[27]
	L. lactis (GEM)	IgA1p, PpmA, and SlrA	—	i.n.	Mice	Decreased bacterial number in the lungs, blood, and nose from trivalent vaccine and the divalent formulation containing SlrA and IgA1p	[28]
	VLP (Qβ)	TS3 and TS14 (chemically synthesized two kinds of capsular polysaccharides repeated units)	—	i.m.	Mice	TS14: 90% of animals surviving, compared with 66% of controls; TS3: 95% of animals surviving, compared with 40% of controls	[29]
	VLP (HBsAg)	Capsular polysaccharide 33F	—	s.c.	Mice	No results	[30]
K. pneumoniae	OMVs	OMV components	—	i.p.	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[31]
	BN-OMVs	OMV components	—	s.c.	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[32]
	Alginate microparticles	LPS of K. pneumoniae O1 serotype	—	i.m., i.t.a, or i.n.	Mice	Decreased bacterial loading in the lungs	[33]
B. pertussis	OMVs	OMV components	—	i.p. or i.n.a	Mice	Decreased bacterial colonization in the lungs	[34]
	OMVs	OMV components	—	s.c.	Mice	Decrease bacterial colonization in the lungs; slightly faster than that of wPV
	OMVs	OMV components	—	PMa or s.c.	Mice	Decreased bacterial colonization in the lungs, trachea, and nose	[35]
	OMVs deriving from B. parapertussis	OMV components	—	i.p.	Mice	Cross-protection	[36]
	Lipid A-modified OMVs	OMV components	—	i.n.	Mice	Decreased bacterial counts in the lungs	[37]
	L. acid bacteria (GEM)	PTd, FHA, and PRN	—	i.p. or i.n.a	Mice	Decreased bacterial counts in the lungs and trachea (but not reaching statistical significance compared with antigen alone)	[38]
	PLGA nano/microparticle	PTd	—	s.c.	Mice	Decreased bacterial counts in the lungs	[39]
	PLG nano or microparticle	PTd and FHA	—	Oral, i.p.a, i.m.a, or s.c.	Mice	Decrease bacterial counts in the lungs	[40]
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)	Chitosan hydrogel (ViscoGel)	a commercial Hib conjugate vaccine (Act-Hib)	—	s.c. or i.m.	Mice	No results	[41]
	VLP (HBsAg)	PRP polysaccharide	—	s.c.	Mice	No results	[42]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Chitosan	Esat-6 three T cell epitopes (Esat-6/3e) and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) genes (DNA)	—	i.m. prime (Esat-6/3e-FL) and i.n. boost (Esat-6/3e)	Mice	Decreased bacterial counts in the lungs and spleens	[43]
	Chitosan	Mycobacterium lipids	—	i.p.	Mice	No results	[44]
Mycobacterium bovis	Liposome	Fusion of antigen 85b and Esat-6	—	s.c.	Mice	Decreased bacterial counts in the lungs and spleen	[45]

a. The better or the best route to achieve protection; b. Constructed in an expression vector; i.n., intranasal; s.c., subcutaneous; i.m., intramuscular; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.t., intratracheal; PM, pulmonary; —, without added adjuvant.