Table 2.

Effect of vaccines with delivery systems against intestinal infectious diseases.

Pathogenic bacteria	Delivery system	Antigen(s)	Adjuvants used	Route	Animal species	Protection after challenge	Ref.
E. coli	L. reuteri	Fusion of ST and LTBb	—	Oral	Mice	Decreased gut/carcass weight (G/C) ratios	[83]
	L. casei	F41 or K99 fimbriae (Surface)b	—	Oral or i.n.	Mice	Over 80% of animals surviving with a high dose, 9 weeks after the last immunization; Passive protection (F41 fimbriae): 90% of pups surviving, oral; 80% of pups surviving, i.n.	[84], [85], [86]
	L. casei	β-Intimin fragmentb	—	Oral or s.l.	Mice	Decreased bacterial recovery from feces	[87]
	L. casei	Fusion of K99, K88 fimbriae (Surface)b	fuse expressing LTB	Oral	Mice	Over 80% of animals surviving 3 weeks after the last immunization, and over 70% of animals surviving 9 weeks after the last immunization	[88]
	L. casei	FaeGb	co-expressing or fuse expressing mutated LTA and LTB	Oral	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[89]
	L. plantarum	FaeG with DC-targeting peptideb	—	Oral	Mice	Inflammation of intestinal tissue prevented	[90]
	L. acidophilus	EspA and the Tir central domain (Secreted)b	—	Oral	Mice	80% of animals surviving	[91]
	L. acidophilus	K99 (Surface)b	—	No results	Pigs	No results	[92]
	L. reuteri	PapG (Surface)b	—	No results		No results	[93]
	Detoxified OMVs	OMV components	—	Eyedrop	Mice	100% of animals surviving, compared with 20% of controls	[94]
	Chitosan + Eudragit L-100	F4 fimbriae	—	Oral		Reduction in excretion of bacteria	[95]
	Chitosan + Eudragit L-100 + OMVs	OMV components	—	Oral	Mice	No results	[96]
	PLGA	CS3, CS1, LTB, and chimeric CFA/I, CS2, CS3, and LTB	—	Oral, s.c., or i.p.	Mice	No results	[97], [98]
	PLG microspheres	CS6	—	i.n.	Mice	No results	[99]
	Nano-multilamellar lipid vesicles (NMVs)	Stx2B	—	s.c.	Mice	60% of animals surviving	[100]
	Oil-based VaxcineTM	Conjugation of O111 polysaccharide and EtxB	—	Oral	Rabbits and mice	No results	[101]
	LDH and HEC nanoparticles	IB	—	s.c.	Mice	No results	[102]
	SBA-15	Int1b or O-polysaccharides	—	s.c.	Rabbits and mice	No results	[101], [103]
Shigella	OMVs of six strains		—	Oral	Mice	Neonatal mice were 100% passively protected against S. flexneri 2a and S. flexneri 6, while the protective efficacies against S. dysenteriae 1, S. flexneri 3a, S. boydii 2, and S. sonnei were ~90%	[104]
	Detoxified OMVs	OMV components	Alhydrogel	i.n., i.d., s.c., i.p., or i.m.	Mice, rabbitsand human	No results	[105], [106], [107]
	OMVs or OMVs encapsulated in polyanhydride nanoparticles (OMV-NP)	OMV components	—	i.d., i.n., eyedrop, or oral	Mice	OMVs: 100% of animals surviving by nasal and ocular route, and no animal surviving by intradermal route; OMV-NP: 100% of animals surviving by the nasal, oral, and intradermal route	[108], [109]
	OMVs encapsulated in CS-TPP particles and Eudragit L-100	OMV components	—	Oral or i.d.	Mice	passive immunity protection	[110]
	Self-assembled proteinaceous nanoparticles	O-polysaccharide	—	s.c.	Mice	100% of animals surviving	[111]
	Chitosan	MxiH	—	i.n.	Mice	60% of animals surviving, compared with 10% of controls	[112]
	Chitosan NF	N-IpaD	—	i.n.	Guinea pigs	93.75% protective efficacy against ocular challenge in guinea pigs	[113]
	TMC nanoparticles	N-IpaD	—	Oral	Guinea pigs	83.3% protection against ocular challenge in guinea pigs	[114]
V. cholerae	OMVs	OMV components	—	Oral, i.n., or i.p.	Rabbits and mice	60%–100% protective from watery diarrhea from different V. cholerae strains in rabbit; 100% protection against colonization with V. cholerae in neonatal mice from immunized dams	[115], [116]
	L. casei or L. reuteri	CTB (Cytoplasm or secretory)b	—	No results	Mice	No results	[117]
S. typhimurium	OMVs	OMV components	—	i.p.	Mice	Bacterial replication inhibited	[118]
S. typhi and paratyphi A	Bivalent OMVs	OMV components	—	Oral	Mice	80% of animals surviving against S. typhi and 90% of animals surviving against S. paratyphi A	[119]
S. typhi	VLP (HBsAg)	Vi	—	s.c.	Mice	No results	[42]
S. enterica serovar Enteritidis	L. casei	FliC (Surface)b	—	Oral	Mice	Decreased bacterial counts in the spleen	[120]
S. enterica serovar Enteritidis	L. casei	FliC (Surface)b or fusion of FilC and SipC (Surface)b	—	No results	Mice	No results	[121]

b. Constructed in an expression vector; i.n., intranasal; s.c., subcutaneous; i.m., intramuscular; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.d., intradermal; s.l., sublingual; —, without added adjuvant.