Table 4.
Risk of COVID-19 according to race and ethnicity in the United Kingdom.
| Race/ethnicity |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | South Asian | Middle Eastern | Chinese | East/Southeast Asian | More than one/other race | |
| Overall participantsa | |||||||
| No. of cases | 39594 | 323 | 1247 | 229 | 113 | 51 | 1071 |
| No. of participants | 1736547 | 10949 | 37638 | 6828 | 5762 | 1713 | 44139 |
| Age-adj OR (95% CI)b | 1.0 (reference) | 1.41 (1.23-1.61) | 1.56 (1.46-1.67) | 1.54 (1.32-1.79) | 0.85 (0.68-1.06) | 1.21 (0.87-1.67) | 1.05 (0.98-1.13) |
| Comorbidity-adj OR (95% CI)c | 1.0 (reference) | 1.40 (1.23-1.60) | 1.57 (1.47-1.68) | 1.53 (1.31-1.79) | 0.86 (0.69-1.08) | 1.23 (0.89-1.70) | 1.06 (0.99-1.15) |
| Comorbidity + occupation-adj OR (95% CI)d | 1.0 (reference) | 1.28 (1.12-1.46) | 1.48 (1.38-1.59) | 1.50 (1.29-1.75) | 0.86 (0.69-1.08) | 1.12 (0.81-1.55) | 1.06 (0.99-1.15) |
| Comorbidity + occupation + personal contact with COVID-19-adj OR (95% CI)e | 1.0 (reference) | 1.17 (1.02-1.34) | 1.39 (1.30-1.49) | 1.38 (1.18-1.61) | 0.84 (0.67-1.05) | 0.95 (0.69-1.32) | 1.00 (0.93-1.08) |
| Healthcare workersa | |||||||
| No. of cases | 9029 | 117 | 402 | 50 | 28 | 30 | 222 |
| No. of participants | 97671 | 1470 | 3805 | 485 | 371 | 241 | 2272 |
| Age-adj OR (95% CI)c | 1.0 (reference) | 1.07 (0.88-1.30) | 1.24 (1.11-1.39) | 1.37 (1.01-1.86) | 0.74 (0.50-1.10) | 1.52 (1.03-2.24) | 1.05 (0.91-1.22) |
| Comorbidity-adj OR (95% CI)d | 1.0 (reference) | 1.08 (0.89-1.32) | 1.25 (1.12-1.39) | 1.37 (1.01-1.85) | 0.74 (0.49-1.10) | 1.52 (1.03-2.24) | 1.06 (0.92-1.23) |
| Comorbidity + occupational risk factors-adj OR (95% CI)e | 1.0 (reference) | 0.97 (0.80-1.19) | 1.16 (1.04-1.30) | 1.24 (0.91-1.69) | 0.73 (0.49-1.09) | 1.18 (0.80-1.73) | 1.05 (0.91-1.22) |
| Comorbidity + occupational risk factors + personal contact with COVID-19-adj OR (95% CI)f | 1.0 (reference) | 0.96 (0.78-1.17) | 1.14 (1.02-1.28) | 1.27 (0.94-1.72) | 0.67 (0.45-0.99) | 1.09 (0.74-1.62) | 1.04 (0.89-1.20) |
Abbreviation: adj, adjusted; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
All models were weighted according to the inverse probability of testing for COVID-19 calculated as a function of age, sex, date of study entry, race/ethnicity, symptoms (fatigue, headache, sore throat, chest pain, shortness of breath, persistent cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, skipped meals/anorexia, hoarse voice, myalgias, delirium, loss of smell/taste, fever), and occupation as frontline healthcare worker (among overall participants).
Logistic regression model conditioned on age, sex, and date of study entry.
Additionally adjusted for body mass index (17-18.4, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, and ≥30 kg/m2), history of diabetes (no, yes), heart disease (no, yes), lung disease or asthma (no, yes), kidney disease (no, yes), cancer (active or in the past; no, yes), and smoking status (never/former smokers, current smokers).
Additionally adjusted for occupation as frontline healthcare worker (no, yes; among overall participants). For healthcare workers, the model was additionally adjusted for access to personal protective equipment (reuse or inadequate, adequate) and practice setting (inpatient, nursing homes, outpatient hospital clinics, home health sites, ambulatory clinics, other).
Additionally adjusted for personal contact with COVID-19 (no, suspected COVID-19, confirmed COVID-19).