Table 4.
Univariate analysis of potential risk factors associated with acute coagulopathy following iTBI of patients without pre-injury antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant therapy (n = 475)
| No coagulopathy n = 400 | Coagulopathy n = 75 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age ≥ 75; n [%] | 38 [9.5] | 4 [5.3] | 0.243 |
| Male gender; n [%] | 283 [70.8] | 50 [66.7] | 0.478 |
| Injury characteristics | |||
| AISBrain severity | 0.001 | ||
| AIS 2; n [%] | 50 [12.5] | 5 [6.7] | |
| AIS 3; n [%] | 143 [35.8] | 21 [28.0] | |
| AIS 4; n [%] | 115 [28.7] | 15 [20.0] | |
| AIS ≥ 5; n [%] | 92 [23.0] | 34 [45.3] | |
| Medical presentation at admission (ED) | |||
| GCS on admission | < 0.001 | ||
| GCS ≥ 8; n [%] | 249 [62.3] | 25 [33.3] | |
| GCS ≤ 8; n [%] | 49 [12.3] | 22 [29.3] | |
| GCS unknown; n [%] | 102 [25.5] | 28 [37.3] | |
| Pupils [uni- or bilateral unreactive]; n [%] | 29 [7.2] | 17 [22.7] | < 0.001 |
| Hypoxia; n [%] | 13 [3.3] | 7 [9.3] | 0.016 |
| Hypotension; n [%] | 6 [1.5] | 9 [12.0] | < 0.001 |
| Hypothermia; n [%] | 10 [2.5] | 10 [13.3] | < 0.001 |
| Neuroworsening; n [%] | 48 [12.0] | 8 [10.7] | 0.742 |
| Laboratory tests | |||
| Arrival haemoglobin < 11; n [%] | 16 [4.0] | 3 [4.0] | 0.742 |
| Arrival Base Excess ≤ − 6; n [%] | 16 [4.0] | 17 [22.7] | < 0.001 |
| Injuries identified on initial CT scan | |||
| Diffuse axonal injury; n [%] | 39 [10.2] | 10 [14.1] | 0.338 |
| Extradural haematoma; n [%] | 77 [19.5] | 11 [14.7] | 0.321 |
| Subdural haematoma; n [%] | 160 [40.4] | 37 [49.3] | 0.151 |
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage; n [%] | 208 [52.4] | 43 [57.3] | 0.432 |
| Midline shift; n [%] | 77 [19.6] | 22 [29.3] | 0.058 |
| Basal cistern compression; n [%] | 40 [10.2] | 19 [25.3] | < 0.001 |
| Depressed skull fracture; n [%] | 52 [13.1] | 15 [20.0] | 0.116 |
| Severe contusion; n [%] | 22 [5.6] | 10 [13.3] | 0.016 |
Systemic secondary insult parameters pre-hospital/at hospital admission were defined as following: hypotension with systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg, hypothermia with temperature < 35 °C and hypoxia with a PaO2 < 8 kPa (60 mmHg) and/or a SaO2 < 90%. Neuroworsening was defined as follows: (1) a decrease in GCS motor score of 2 or more points; (2) a new loss of pupillary reactivity or development of pupillary asymmetry ≥ 2 mm; (3) deterioration in neurological or CT status sufficient to warrant immediate medical or surgical intervention
AIS Abbreviated Injury Scale, CT computed tomography, ED Emergency department, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale