Table 1.
Characteristics of leptospirosis patients.
| Characteristic | Non-severe group (n = 146) | Severe group (n = 71)a | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender, n (%) | 121 (83.4) | 59 (83.1) | 0.9670 |
| Age, years (mean, SD) | 46.9 (17.0) | 47.7 (16.2) | 0.7330 |
| Fever days (median, IQR) | 2.5 (1.0, 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) | 0.2100 |
| 0–3 days, n (%) | 101 (69.2) | 45 (30.8) | |
| 4 days or more, n (%) | 41 (61.2) | 26 (38.8) | |
| Body temperature (mean, SD) | 38.4 (1.1) | 37.8 (1.3) | 0.001* |
| SBP, mmHg (median, IQR) | 116.0 (101.3, 130.0) | 104.0 (84.0, 120.0) | < 0.001* |
| DBP, mmHg (median, IQR) | 68.0 (60.0, 76.0) | 60.0 (52.0, 74.0) | 0.001* |
| Creatinine, mg/dl (median, IQR) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 2.3 (1.1, 6.0) | < 0.001* |
| WBC × 103/μl (median, IQR) | 9.9 (6.9,12.9) | 10.4 (7.0,13.9) | 0.4240 |
| Hb, g/dl (median, IQR) | 12.5 (11.3, 13.8) | 11.5 (9.5, 12.7) | < 0.001* |
| Platelet × 103/μl (median, IQR) | 155.0 (100.3, 214.0) | 41.0 (25.0, 78.0) | < 0.001* |
| TB, mg/dl (median, IQR) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.8) | 2.5 (1.2, 7.9) | < 0.001* |
| DB, mg/dl (median, IQR) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 1.7 (0.6, 5.6) | < 0.001* |
| SGOT, u/l (median, IQR) | 58.0 (34.8, 110.5) | 96.0 (46.0, 170.0) | 0.004* |
| SGPT, u/l (median, IQR) | 52.0 (26.0, 84.5) | 52.0 (31.0, 98.0) | 0.3860 |
| Na, mEq/l (median, IQR) | 135.8 (132.0, 139.0) | 134.2 (132.0, 138.0) | 0.2050 |
| K, mEq/l (median, IQR) | 3.7 (3.3, 4.0) | 3.6 (3.2, 4.1) | 0.9050 |
| HCO3−, mEq/l (median, IQR) | 25.0 (23.0, 27.0) | 20.2 (16.5, 24.0) | < 0.001* |
| Leptospiremia (copies/ml) | 420.6 (154.2–1880.2) | 1440.3 (172.0–7867.1) | 0.009* |
| MAT titer | 4000.0 (700.0–6400.0) | 2000.0 (700.0–4000.0) | 0.6140 |
| pNGAL (ng/ml) | 194.4 (75.0–350.5) | 512.2 (224.3–968.0) | < 0.001* |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 39.8 (13.6–145.4) | 322.8 (54.2–4248.3) | < 0.001* |
Data are shown as the mean (SD) or median (IQR).
SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, WBC white blood cells, Hb hemoglobin, TB total bilirubin, DB direct bilirubin, SGOT serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, SGPT serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, Na sodium, K potassium, HCO3- bicarbonate, MAT microscopic agglutination test, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, IL-6 interleukin 6.
*p-value < 0.05.
aSevere features were defined by one of the following criteria, 1. death, 2. requiring dialysis, or 3. organ failure. The organ failure was defined by an organ-specific Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score of more than 2.