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. 2021 Jul 16;11:14570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93951-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a–i) SEM images of the bone scaffold. (a–c) The tissue texture is unaltered in the natural untreated bone sample (a), it appears well preserved in the decellularized sample (b) and shows no apparent modification or damage after microporation (c). (d,e) More in detail, the decellularized and micro-pored scaffold reveals a cell-free collagen matrix (d) and well preserved cellular niches (e). (f,g) 7 days after seeding, MSCs have colonized the decellularized and pored structure, with cells randomly dispersed and well anchored to micropores (f), however they remain superficially (g). (h,i) 14 days after seeding, the scaffold is covered with cells (h) that grow inwardly in a multilayered disposition (i). Bars: (a)—2 μm; (b)—1 μm; (c)—1 μm; (d)—20 μm; (e)—5 μm; (f)—10 μm; (g)—20 μm; (h)—20 μm; (i)—10 μm.