TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the CARDIA cohort at each examination cycle.
| Variable | YEAR 0 1985-86 |
YEAR 2 1987-88 |
YEAR 5 1990-91 |
YEAR 7 1992-93 |
YEAR 10 1995-96 |
YEAR 15 2000-01 |
YEAR 20 2005-06 |
YEAR 25 2010-11 |
YEAR 30 2015-16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. examined | 5115 | 4624 | 4352 | 4086 | 3950 | 3672 | 3549 | 3499 | 3358 |
| Black race,n (%) | 2637 (51.6%) | 2285 (49.4%) | 2116 (48.7%) | 1973 (48.3%) | 1922 (48.8%) | 1730 (47.1%) | 1651 (46.5%) | 1640 (46.9%) | 1605 (47.8%) |
| Male, n (%) | 2327 (45.5%) | 2089 (45.2%) | 1958 (45.0%) | 1836 (45.0%) | 1754 (44.5%) | 1619 (44.1%) | 1535 (43.3%) | 1517 (43.4%) | 1444 (43.0%) |
| Mean age, years (SD) | 24.8 (3.7) | 26.9 (3.6) | 30.0 (3.6) | 32.0 (3.6) | 35.0 (3.7) | 40.2 (3.6) | 45.2 (3.6) | 50.2 (3.6) | 55.1 (3.6) |
| Mean education, years (SD) | 13.8 (2.3) | 14.1 (2.9) | 14.4 (2.4) | 14.6 (2.5) | 14.7 (3.2) | 14.9 (2.5) | 15.0 (2.6) | 15.1 (2.7) | 15.1 (2.6) |
| <High School, n (%) | 510 (10.0%) | 347 (7.6%) | 267 (6.2%) | 233 (5.8%) | 247 (6.3%) | 183 (5.0%) | 150 (4.3%) | 160 (4.6%) | 143 .3%) |
| High School, n (%) | 1519 (29.7%) | 1209 (26.4%) | 1112 (25.6%) | 947 (23.4%) | 907 (23.1%) | 659 (18.0%) | 702 (19.9%) | 628 (18.0%) | 632 9.0%) |
| >High School, n (%) | 3080 (60.3%) | 3024 (66.0%) | 2958 (68.2%) | 2871 (70.9%) | 2766 (70.6%) | 2817 (77.0%) | 2676 (75.9%) | 2694 (77.4%) | 2557 (76.7%) |
| Alcohol, ml/day (SD) | 12.1 (22.0) | 14.2 (24.0) | 11.2 (25.6) | 11.2 (23.4) | 10.9 (22.1) | 11.0 (24.9) | 10.8 (22.2) | 11.7 (23.4) | 11.2 (19.8) |
| AHA ideal diet, n (%) | 615 (12.0%) | 565 (14.3%) | 325 (10.3%) | ||||||
| AHA intermediate diet, n (%) | 2817 (55.1%) | 2330 (59.1%) | 2135 (68.0%) | ||||||
| AHA poor diet, n (%) | 1676 (32.8%) | 1046 (26.5%) | 682 (21.7%) | ||||||
| Mean physical activity intensity score, units (SD) | 420.1 (300.8) | 382.1 (288.8) | 379.3 (292.5) | 338.1 (274.0) | 330.7 (274.8) | 347.2 (283.6) | 335.9 (274.1) | 337.8 (275.6) | 321.3 (271.5) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 24.5 (5.0) | 25.2 (5.4) | 26.1 (5.9) | 26.8 (6.1) | 27.5 (6.5) | 28.8 (6.8) | 29.4 (7.0) | 30.2 (7.2) | 30.5 (7.2) |
| Mean systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (SD) | 110.4 (11.0) | 107.9 (10.8) | 107.8 (11.6) | 108.7 (12.4) | 110.0 (12.8) | 113.2 (14.9) | 115.7 (14.7) | 119.7 (16.2) | 120.8 (16.7) |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg (SD) | 68.6 (9.6) | 67.4 (9.7) | 69.2 (10.2) | 69.3 (10.3) | 72.4 (10.2) | 74.5 (11.6) | 72.2 (11.2) | 74.9 (11.3) | 74.1 (11.1) |
| Mean fasting glucose, mg/dL (SD) | 82.6 (16.3) | 90.1 (19.4) | 88.2 (20.4) | 86.7 (21.0) | 98.0 (26.5) | 99.5 (28.6) | 102.6 (31.8) | ||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 1544 (30.4%) | 1358 (29.6%) | 1241 (28.6%) | 1096 (27.0%) | 1002 (25.6%) | 807 (22.0%) | 683 (19.4%) | 589 (17.1%) | 463 (14.0%) |
| Lipid-lowering treatment, n (%) | 11 (0.3%) | 10 (0.2%) | 19 (0.5%) | 87 (2.4%) | 313 (8.8%) | 544 (15.6%) | 671 (20.0%) | ||
| Blood pressure-lowering treatment, n (%) | 115 (2.2%) | 123 (2.7%) | 69 (1.6%) | 80 (2.0%) | 135 (3.4%) | 292 (8.0%) | 619 (17.5%) | 942 (27.1%) | 1114 (33.2%) |
| Mean total cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 176.8 (33.5) | 177.0 (34.1) | 178.1 (34.4) | 177.0 (34.3) | 178.0 (34.6) | 184.7 (35.8) | 185.7 (35.0) | 192.3 (36.9) | 191.3 (38.1) |
| Mean HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 53.2 (13.2) | 53.1 (13.7) | 53.3 (14.2) | 52.1 (14.2) | 50.3 (14.0) | 50.7 (14.6) | 54.2 (16.7) | 58.0 (18.0) | 59.8 (18.9) |
| Mean LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (SD) | 109.1 (31.2) | 112.5 (33.4) | 108.5 (32.1) | 107.6 (31.6) | 109.2 (32.1) | 113.0 (32.3) | 110.0 (32.1) | 111.9 (32.8) | 110.3 (33.2) |
| Mean triglycerides, mg/dL (SD) | 72.9 (48.5) | 78.9 (53.4) | 80.8 (72.3) | 86.4 (75.7) | 92.1 (74.7) | 105.5 (92.8) | 109.4 (79.7) | 114.2 (87.2) | 107.9 (97.8) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 32 (0.6%) | 33 (0.7%) | 37 (0.9%) | 70 (1.8%) | 101 (2.7%) | 159 (4.4%) | 272 (7.8%) | 381 (11.0%) | 492 (14.9%) |
| Mean AHA cardiovascular health CVH score, out of 14 points (SD) | 10.2 (1.9) | 9.9 (2.1) | 9.1 (2.2) | ||||||
| Mean AHA cardiovascular health CVH score excluding diet, out of 12 points (SD) | 9.42 (1.7) | 9.45 (1.7) | 9.3 (1.7) | 9.1 (1.9) | 9.0 (1.9) | 8.6 (2.0) | 8.2 (2.1) | 7.7 (2.2) | 7.6 (2.2) |