Table 4.

Results in human participants

	Young Healthy Controls (n = 12)	Age-Matched Healthy Controls (n = 14)	Patients (n = 14)
Peak longitudinal force, N	56 ± 10	61 ± 9.0	91 ± 20*†
Peak radial force, N	188 ± 38	180 ± 22	269 ± 56*†
Total SW from PV loop, J	1.3 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.3
Longitudinal SW, J	0.65 ± 0.2	0.61 ± 0.13	0.59 ± 0.2
Longitudinal SW, %	49 ± 4.0	53 ± 4.9	44 ± 5.6†
Radial SW, J	0.70 ± 0.2	0.53 ± 0.1	0.72 ± 0.2†
Radial SW, %	51 ± 4.0	47 ± 4.9	56 ± 5.6†
Longitudinal WEV, mJ/mL	9.8 ± 1.4	11 ± 0.8	12 ± 3.0*
Radial WEV, mJ/mL	15 ± 4.3	17 ± 4.2	17 ± 4.2

Continuous variables are reported as means ± SD. SW, stroke work; PV, pressure-volume; WEV, work per ejected volume.

^*Significant differences (P < 0.05) from young healthy controls;

^†differences between patients and age-matched healthy controls.