Figure 5.
Conversion of a sensory signal into a motor plan
(A) Wide-field signal after whisker stimulus in novice and expert mice in hit trials. Each frame shows the instantaneous calcium activity (10 ms/frame). Mean signal during the 50-ms period before whisker onset is subtracted. From top to bottom, average calcium signal of 62 novice and 82 expert sessions from seven mice, and the statistical significance of the difference (p value of Wilcoxon rank-sum test, FDR corrected).
(B) Propagation of whisker-evoked response latency to downstream regions in expert mice (82 sessions, seven mice). Left: calcium traces (mean ± SEM) in different regions were grouped based on single-trial response latencies in wS1. Right: latencies of whisker-evoked calcium response (mean ± SEM) in fast and slow trials (wS1: p = 2.2 × 10−8, wS2: p = 1.1 × 10−7, wM1: p = 2 × 10−9, wM2: p = 3.3 × 10−4; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, FDR corrected).
(C) Latency of the whisker-evoked spiking response. Cumulative distribution of single neuron latencies for key cortical areas in novice (left) and expert (middle) mice. Distribution of latencies across different areas and their change across learning (right). Boxplots indicate median and interquartile range. Only neurons with significant modulation in the 200-ms window following whisker stimulus compared to a 200-ms window prior to the whisker stimulus are included (p < 0.05, non-parametric permutation test). Latency was defined at the half-maximum (minimum for suppressed neurons) response within the 200-ms window.
(D) Early whisker-evoked spiking activity in hit trials. Baseline-subtracted (200 ms prior to whisker onset) mean ± SEM firing rate across critical cortical areas in expert and novice mice are overlaid. Gray horizontal bars represent the p value of novice/expert comparison in 50-ms consecutive windows (non-parametric permutation test, FDR corrected).
(E) Spiking activity in hit versus miss trials. Baseline-subtracted (200 ms prior to whisker onset) mean ± SEM firing rate across critical cortical areas in hit and miss trials of expert mice are overlaid. Gray horizontal bars represent the p value of hit/miss comparison in 50-ms consecutive windows (non-parametric permutation test, FDR corrected).
(F) Whisker and delay responsive neuronal clusters, related to Figures 3C and 3D. Left: average normalized firing rate (mean ± SEM) of whisker (clusters 2–4) and two distinct delay clusters (clusters 5 and 6). Right: proportion of neurons within each cluster belonging to different brain regions and groups of mice, related to Figure 3D.
See also Figures S5 and S6.