Table 2.
Variables associated with COVID-19 outcomes in patients on cholecalciferol treatment (n = 108,343) and matched controls (n = 216,686)
| SARS-CoV2 infection1 | Severe COVID-192 | COVID-19 mortality | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate3 HR (CI 95%) | p | Multivariate4 HR (CI 95%) | p | Univariate3 HR (CI 95%) | p | Multivariate4 HR (CI 95%) | p | Univariate3 HR (CI 95%) | p | Multivariated HR (CI 95%) | p | |
| Cholecalciferol treatment | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.007 | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | 0.004 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.439 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.366 | ||||
| Female sex | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.39–0.46) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.48–0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.38–0.46) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.50–0.62) | < 0.001 | ||
| Age5 | 1.14 (1.13–1.16) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) | < 0.001 | 2.38 (2.28–2.48) | < 0.001 | 1.48 (1.41–1.55) | < 0.001 | 2.90 (2.77–3.03) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.69–1.89) | < 0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.554 | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) | 0.147 | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Nursing home residence | 8.89 (8.51–9.29) | < 0.001 | 6.25 (5.91–6.60) | < 0.001 | 17.49 (16.06–19.05) | < 0.001 | 6.20 (5.59–6.87) | < 0.001 | 20.25 (18.55–22.11) | < 0.001 | 6.10 (5.49–6.78) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | < 0.001 | 2.37 (2.17–2.60) | < 0.001 | 2.61 (2.37–2.88) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Obesity | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | 0.001 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.13–1.33) | < 0.001 | 1.25 (1.15–1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.09–1.30) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.15–1.38) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.22 (1.17–1.27) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.004 | 2.27 (2.09–2.46) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) | < 0.001 | 2.35 (2.15–2.55) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.25–1.49) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1.97 (1.89–2.06) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.27–1.40) | < 0.001 | 4.11 (3.77–4.47) | < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.23–1.48) | < 0.001 | 4.55 (4.17–4.96) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.23–1.50) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 1.42 (1.36–1.49) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) | < 0.001 | 2.46 (2.25–2.69) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.07–1.29) | 0.001 | 2.54 (2.31–2.78) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 0.021 |
| Asthma | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 0.094 | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 0.705 | ||||
| eGFR | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.69–0.71) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.86–0.90) | < 0.001 | 0.68 (0.67–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.86–0.91) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.69 (1.61–1.78) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.17–1.30) | < 0.001 | 2.85 (2.57–3.16) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | 0.001 | 3.10 (2.79–3.44) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.09–1.36) | < 0.001 |
| Dementia | 3.56 (3.41–3.72) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.68–1.87) | < 0.001 | 7.63 (7.01–8.31) | < 0.001 | 2.18 (1.97–2.41) | < 0.001 | 8.78 (8.05–9.58) | < 0.001 | 2.22 (2.00–2.45) | < 0.001 |
| Malignant neoplasia | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.40–1.65) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 0.006 | 1.58 (1.45–1.72) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 0.002 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 1.06 (0.91–1.22) | 0.460 | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) | 0.616 | 0.96 (0.66–1.40) | 0.848 | ||||||
| Osteoporosis | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.84–0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.87–1.07) | 0.511 | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) | 0.814 | ||||
| Past femur fracture | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.007 | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.439 | 4.32 (3.62–5.16) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.03–1.48) | 0.022 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.03–1.21) | 0.008 | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 0.018 | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.038 | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.33 (1.25–1.42) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.012 | 2.10 (1.87–2.36) | < 0.001 | 2.18 (1.93–2.47) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Peripheral arteriopathy | 1.37 (1.25–1.49) | < 0.001 | 2.68 (2.30–3.12) | < 0.001 | 2.81 (2.40–3.29) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Use of PPI | 1.41 (1.37–1.46) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.12–1.21) | < 0.001 | 2.40 (2.21–2.61) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 0.005 | 2.53 (2.31–2.77) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 0.008 |
| Use oral corticosteroids | 1.63 (1.55–1.70) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.33–1.46) | < 0.001 | 2.61 (2.38–2.86) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.63–1.98) | < 0.001 | 2.62 (2.38–2.89) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.61–1.98) | < 0.001 |
| Use of DPP4-inhibitors | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 0.008 | 1.89 (1.56–2.29) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.50–2.26) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Use of statins | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 0.340 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.683 | ||||
| Use of ACE inhibitors | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.003 | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) | 0.007 |
| Use of ARB | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.84–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.15–1.40) | < 0.001 | 1.29 (1.16–1.43) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Use immunosuppressants | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 0.134 | 1.61 (1.33–1.95) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.22–1.82) | < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.22–1.85) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.24–1.91) | < 0.001 | ||
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate (ratios are calculated for every 10 ml increase of creatinine clearance), HR hazard ratio, CI 95% confidence interval 95%, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PPI proton pump inhibitors, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin-II receptor blockers
1Positive PCR or clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV2 infection
2Composite outcome of need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation, orotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission or death
3Unadjusted Cox regression analysis
4Cox regression analysis controlling for all covariates
5Ratios are calculated for every 10 years of age