. 2021 Jul 16;4(7):e2117416. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17416

Table 2. Standardized, Multivariable-Adjusted, Population Mean Estimates and Difference in Estimates of Annual Rates of Domain-Specific Cognitive Decline by Baseline Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity, Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, 2003-2019^a.

Visual measures and cognitive domains	β (95% CI)			P value
Visual measures and cognitive domains	Difference at baseline per 0.1 log unit worse visual acuity or contrast sensitivity	Annual rate of change for reference group (median visual acuity or contrast sensitivity at baseline)^b	Difference (acceleration) in annual rate of change in the slope per 0.1 log unit worse baseline visual acuity or contrast sensitivity	P value
Visual acuity
Language	−0.041 (−0.067 to −0.015)^c	−0.040 (−0.045 to −0.035)^c	−0.0035 (−0.007 to −0.001)^c	.007^c
Memory	−0.022 (−0.054 to 0.010)	−0.031 (−0.038 to −0.025)^c	−0.0052 (−0.010 to −0.001)^c	.02^c
Attention	−0.052 (−0.078 to −0.025)^c	−0.065 (−0.073 to −0.056)^c	−0.0041 (−0.009 to 0.001)	.11
Executive function	−0.041 (−0.069 to −0.014)^c	−0.036 (−0.041 to −0.025)^c	−0.0039 (−0.008 to 0.000)	.05
Visuospatial ability	−0.076 (−0.106 to −0.045)^c	−0.048 (−0.057 to −0.040)^c	−0.001 (−0.006 to 0.004)	.74
Contrast sensitivity
Language	−0.027 (−0.062 to 0.009)	−0.037 (−0.043 to −0.032)^c	−0.010 (−0.014 to −0.006)^c	<.001^c
Memory	−0.041 (−0.085 to 0.002)	−0.030 (−0.037 to −0.023)^c	−0.009 (−0.015 to −0.003)^c	.004^c
Attention	−0.017 (−0.054 to 0.020)	−0.063 (−0.072 to −0.055)^c	−0.010 (−0.017 to −0.003)^c	.004^c
Executive function	−0.037 (−0.075 to 0.000)	−0.035 (−0.041 to −0.029)^c	−0.005 (−0.011 to 0.0003)	.07
Visuospatial ability	−0.072 (−0.113 to −0.031)^c	−0.045 (−0.053 to −0.036)^c	−0.010 (−0.017 to −0.002)^c	.01^c

^{^a}

All models were adjusted for baseline visual acuity or contrast sensitivity, age, sex, race, education, smoking status, hypertension, and diabetes.

^{^b}

Refers to participants with 0.1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (median at baseline) in visual acuity models and participants with 1.95 log contrast (median at baseline) for contrast sensitivity models.

^{^c}

Statistically significant at P < .05.

Table 2. Standardized, Multivariable-Adjusted, Population Mean Estimates and Difference in Estimates of Annual Rates of Domain-Specific Cognitive Decline by Baseline Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity, Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, 2003-2019a.

Table 2. Standardized, Multivariable-Adjusted, Population Mean Estimates and Difference in Estimates of Annual Rates of Domain-Specific Cognitive Decline by Baseline Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity, Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, 2003-2019^a.