Table 3.
Factors associated with fast-food consumption among adolescents
| Independent variables | Fast-food consumption | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4–7 days | 1–3 days | |||||||||||
| Crude odds ratio | (95% CI) | p | Adjusted odds ratio | (95% CI) | p | Crude odds ratio | (95% CI) | p | Adjusted odds ratio | (95% CI) | p | |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 16–18 years | 0.83 | (0.68–1.01) | 0.056 | 0.80 | (0.63–1.02) | 0.073 | 1.04 | (0.91–1.20) | 0.558 | 0.46 | (0.26–0.82) | 0.008 |
| 13–15 years | 0.90 | (0.77–1.06) | 0.216 | 0.87 | (0.70–1.07) | 0.180 | 1.11 | (0.98–1.26) | 0.093 | 1.08 | (0.92–1.28) | 0.356 |
| 10–12 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.000 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Girls | 1.14 | (1.01–1.28) | 0.036 | 1.44 | (1.26–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.28 | (1.16–1.41) | <0.001 | 1.45 | (1.30–1.61) | <0.001 |
| Boys | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Malay | 3.88 | (3.22–4.66) | <0.001 | 4.09 | (3.31–5.07) | <0.001 | 2.02 | (1.79–2.28) | <0.001 | 1.99 | (1.76–2.26) | <0.001 |
| Indian | 1.98 | (1.50–2.62) | <0.001 | 2.23 | (1.63–3.03) | <0.001 | 1.43 | (1.17–1.75) | <0.001 | 1.27 | (1.04–1.57) | 0.023 |
| Indigenous from East Malaysia | 4.00 | (3.02–5.30) | <0.001 | 2.59 | (1.82–3.70) | <0.001 | 1.63 | (1.34–1.99) | <0.001 | 1.32 | (0.96–1.81) | 0.085 |
| Other | 2.96 | (1.79–4.87) | <0.001 | 3.69 | (2.42–5.62) | <0.001 | 1.56 | (1.16–2.11) | 0.004 | 1.69 | (1.20-2.38) | 0.003 |
| Chinese | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Locality of schools | ||||||||||||
| Central zone | 1.55 | (1.14–2.10) | 0.005 | .37 | (1.07–1.76) | 0.014 | 1.20 | (0.99–1.47) | 0.069 | 1.16 | (1.01–1.33) | 0.040 |
| Southern zone | 1.36 | (1.01–1.84) | 0.043 | 1.29 | (1.00–1.65) | 0.050 | 1.03 | (0.85–1.24) | 0.772 | 1.01 | (0.88–1.17) | 0.849 |
| East coast zone | 1.79 | (1.37–2.34) | <0.001 | 1.25 | (0.96–1.63) | 0.092 | 1.15 | (0.95–1.38) | 0.149 | 0.97 | (0.82–1.15) | 0.734 |
| East Malaysia | 2.02 | (1.51–2.70) | <0.001 | 1.95 | (1.45–2.62) | <0.001 | 1.14 | (0.93–1.40) | 0.196 | 1.25 | (0.98–1.60) | 0.073 |
| Northern zone | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| BMI-for-age | ||||||||||||
| Underweight | 0.99 | (0.80–1.23) | 0.941 | - | - | 1.06 | (0.91–1.24) | 0.434 | - | - | ||
| Overweight | 1.06 | (0.92–1.24) | 0.420 | 1.01 | (0.90–1.13) | 0.922 | ||||||
| Obese | 1.04 | (0.89–1.23) | 0.618 | 1.00 | (0.89–1.13) | 0.988 | ||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Eating out per week | ||||||||||||
| >6 times | 5.13 | (3.92–6.72) | <0.001 | 9.16 | (6.67–12.58) | <0.001 | 1.86 | (1.49–2.33) | <0.001 | 2.58 | (2.00–3.31) | <0.001 |
| 3–5 times | 4.42 | (3.50–5.51) | <0.001 | 6.39 | (5.07–8.06) | <0.001 | 2.37 | (2.01–2.78) | <0.001 | 2.92 | (2.44–3.51) | <0.001 |
| 1–2 times | 2.31 | (1.94–2.76) | <0.001 | 2.57 | (2.11–3.12) | <0.001 | 2.27 | (2.04–2.54) | <0.001 | 2.33 | (2.06–2.63) | <0.001 |
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Cereals/grains | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | 0.46 | (0.36–0.58) | <0.001 | 0.67 | (0.52–0.88) | 0.003 | 0.60 | (0.53–0.63) | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.64–0.83) | 0.727 |
| Exceed | 1.91 | (1.68–2.18) | <0.001 | 1.34 | (1.17–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.34 | (1.21–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.12 | (0.98–1.27) | 1.115 |
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | 0.64 | (0.56–0.72) | <0.001 | 1.02 | (0.88–1.19) | 0.784 | 0.74 | (0.68–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.96 | (0.87–1.05) | 0.348 |
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Vegetables | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | 1.12 | (0.88–1.41) | 0.366 | 1.60 | (1.07–2.39) | 0.022 | 1.07 | (0.90–1.27) | 0.434 | 1.35 | (1.06–1.73) | 0.016 |
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Milk/dairy products | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | 0.66 | (0.56–0.79) | <0.001 | 0.98 | (0.78–1.23) | 0.862 | 0.81 | (0.71–0.93) | 0.003 | 1.07 | (0.92–1.25) | 0.366 |
| Exceed | 1.31 | (0.91–1.90) | 0.148 | 0.89 | (0.49–1.61) | 0.692 | 1.14 | (0.83–1.55) | 0.422 | 1.23 | (0.78–1.94) | 0.373 |
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Meat/poultry/eggs | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | 0.45 | (0.35–0.59) | <0.001 | 0.53 | (0.38–0.73) | <0.001 | 0.54 | (0.46–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.66 | (0.55–0.78) | <0.001 |
| Exceed | 2.58 | (2.28–2.91) | <0.001 | 1.99 | (1.70–2.32) | <0.001 | 1.48 | (1.35–1.61) | <0.001 | 1.26 | (1.13–1.40) | <0.001 |
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Fish | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | 1.38 | (0.75–2.56) | 0.305 | 1.28 | (0.62–2.63) | 0.507 | 1.19 | (0.78–1.84) | 0.419 | 1.38 | (0.85–2.24) | 0.195 |
| Exceed | 2.39 | (1.29–4.40) | 0.005 | 1.26 | (0.61–2.62) | 0.532 | 1.65 | (1.08–2.54) | 0.022 | 1.40 | (0.86–2.29) | 0.178 |
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Legumes | ||||||||||||
| Inadequate | 0.78 | (0.67–0.90) | 0.001 | 1.03 | (0.85–1.25) | 0.778 | 0.78 | (0.70–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.95 | (0.83–1.10) | 0.495 |
| Exceed | 1.27 | (1.07–1.51) | 0.007 | 0.85 | (0.68–1.07) | 0.165 | 1.08 | (0.94–1.23) | 0.283 | 0.91 | (0.77–1.08) | 0.280 |
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Dependent variable: did not consume fast food per week as reference category