Table 1.
Characteristics of Malaysian Working Adults by Sleep Length (N = 11,356)
| Sleep Duration | Overall Combined | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7 Hours n (%) | ≥7 Hours n (%) | n | ||
| Age categories | 0.001a | |||
| 18–24 years | 386 (6.2) | 444 (8.6) | 830 | |
| 25–34 years | 2633 (42.4) | 2414 (46.9) | 5047 | |
| 35–44 years | 1929 (31.1) | 1469 (28.6) | 3398 | |
| 45–54 years | 991 (16.0) | 654 (12.7) | 1645 | |
| 55 years and above | 273 (4.4) | 163 (3.2) | 436 | |
| Gender | 0.010b | |||
| Male | 2662 (42.9) | 2081 (40.5) | 4743 | |
| Female | 3550 (57.1) | 3063 (59.5) | 6613 | |
| Marital status | 0.001a | |||
| Cohabitating/Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 319 (5.1) | 201 (3.9) | 520 | |
| Married | 3724 (59.9) | 2882 (56.0) | 6606 | |
| Single | 2169 (34.9) | 2061 (40.1) | 4230 | |
| Educational attainment | 0.733a | |||
| No formal education, primary, lower & upper secondary |
866 (13.9) | 732 (14.2) | 1598 | |
| A-levels or equivalent | 1411 (22.7) | 1133 (22.0) | 2544 | |
| Undergraduate degree | 3067 (49.4) | 2534 (49.3) | 5601 | |
| Postgraduate degree | 868 (14.0) | 745 (14.5) | 1613 | |
| Smoking status | 0.001b | |||
| Never smokers | 4703 (75.7) | 4177 (81.2) | 8880 | |
| Ever smokers | 1509 (24.3) | 967 (18.8) | 2476 | |
| Psychological distressc | ||||
| K10 score <20 | 5526 (89.0) | 4709 (91.5) | 10,235 | 0.001b |
| K10 score ≥20 | 686 (11.0) | 435 (8.5) | 1121 | |
| Factors affecting sleep quality: | ||||
| Work stress | 2558 (41.2) | 1995 (38.8) | 4553 (40.1) | 0.100a |
| Child/ children | 1395 (22.5) | 940 (18.3) | 2335 (20.6) | 0.001a |
| Neighbours/ housing | 229 (3.7) | 206 (4.0) | 435 (3.8) | 0.379a |
| Lifestyle | 1272 (20.5) | 828 (16.1) | 2100 (18.5) | 0.001a |
| Financial concerns | 1162 (18.7) | 809 (15.7) | 1971 (17.4) | 0.001a |
| Health issues | 892 (14.4) | 700 (13.6) | 1592 (14.0) | 0.251a |
| Relationship problems | 761 (12.3) | 559 (10.9) | 1320 (11.6) | 0.022a |
| Poor sleeping conditions | 830 (13.4) | 568 (11.0) | 1398 (12.3) | 0.001a |
| Mental health issues | 547 (8.8) | 321 (6.2) | 868 (7.6) | 0.001a |
Notes: Percentages are based on column. For factors affecting sleep quality, participants selected all drop-down options that applied, with these numbers and percentages, including the total for this section, based on items endorsed. aPearson’s chi square. bFisher’s exact test. cPsychological distress scores based on the Kessler 10 (K10): a score of ≥20 indicates the presence of psychological distress.